B2 Science Flashcards
Cell cycle
Body cells divide in a series of stages known as the cell cycle.
Mitosis
This is the division of cells involving the process of mitosis and this is the production of two identical cells.
Mitotic division
This is the division of cells through duplicating themselves.
Differentiation
The process of a stem cell becoming specialised.
Cloning
Producing identical offspring also known as cloning.
Embryonic stem cells
These are the cells of a embryo which form a living organism.
Adult stem cells
Stem cells are formed within adults as well as embryos.
Therapeutic cloning
Uses cells from an adult to produce a cloned early embryo of themselves which could then be used for growing organs etc for the donor.
Adult Stem Cells
stem cells that are found in adults that can differentiate and form a limited number of cells
Cell cycle
the three-stage process of cell division in a body cell that involves mitosis and results in the formation of two identical daughter cells
Cloning
the production of identical offspring by asexual reproduction
Differentiate
the process where cells become specialised for a particular function
Embryonic stem cells
stem cells from an early embryo that can differentiate to form the specialised cells of the body
Mitosis
part of the cell cycle where one set of new chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell forming two identical nuclei during cell division
Therapeutic cloning
a process where an embryo is produced that is genetically identical to the patient so the cells can then be used in medical treatments
Zygote
the single new cell formed by the fusion of gametes in sexual reproduction
Anaphase
stage in mitosis where chromosomes begin moving to opposite ends (poles) of the cell.
Allele
an alternative form of a gene (one member of a pair) that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome.
Asters
radial microtubule arrays found in animal cells that help to manipulate chromosomes during cell division.
Cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm that produces distinct daughter cells.
Daughter cell
a cell resulting from the replication and division of a single parent cell.
Cell membrane
a thin semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell.
Cytoplasm
consists of all of the contents outside of the nucleus and enclosed within the cell membrane of a cell.
Daughter chromosome
a chromosome that results from the separation of sister chromatids during cell division.
Diploid cell
a cell that contains two sets of chromosomes. One set of chromosomes is donated from each parent.
Interphase
stage in the cell cycle where a cell doubles in size and synthesizes DNA in preparation for cell division.
Mitochondria
cell organelles that convert energy into forms that are usable by the cell.
Meiosis
a two-part cell division process in organisms that sexually reproduce. Meiosis results in gametes with one-half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.
Nucleus
a membrane-bound structure that contains the cell’s hereditary information and controls the cell’s growth and reproduction.
Organelles
tiny cellular structures, that carry out specific functions necessary for normal cellular operation.
Prokaryote
single-celled organisms that are the earliest and most primitive forms of life on earth.
Prophase
stage in cell division where chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes.
Ribosomes
cell organelles that are responsible for assembling proteins.
Meiosis
The process by which organisms that produce sexually produce sex cells; egg & sperm, through the seperation of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell into 4 chromatids and distributes those chromatids into 4 diffrent cells.
Cytokinesis
The process in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells following the telophase of Mitosis and Meiosis.
Replication
The process by which a cell makes a copy of the DNA found within the nucleus.
Crhomatid
1/2 of the structure of a chomosome
Centromere
The center structure within a chromosome that joins the chromatids
Spindle fibre
Fiber-like structure that pulls or seperates the chromosomes into the daughter cells during cell division.
