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Biology > B2 Organisation > Flashcards

B2 Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What are cells?

A

The basic building blocks of life

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2
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells with a similar structure and function

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3
Q

What are organs?

A

Aggregations of tissues performing specific function

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4
Q

What are organs organised into?

A

Organised into organ systems which work together to form organisms

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5
Q

What is the digestive system?

A

An example of an organ system in which several organs work together to digest and absorb food

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6
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts

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7
Q

What do enzymes control?

A

Metabolism , that is the sum of all the reactions in a cell or in the body

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8
Q

What is the lock and key theory?

A

The key is the substrate the lock is the enzyme and the key hole is the active site
When the substrate the substrate and enzyme are in place they bind together and break down

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9
Q

What is amylase?

A

The enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates (starch)

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10
Q

What is lipids?

A

The enzyme that breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol

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11
Q

What do digestive enzymes convert?

A

They convert food into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream

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12
Q

What do carbohydrates do?

A

They break down carbohydrates to simple sugars .
Amylase is a carbohydrase which breaks down starch

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13
Q

What is protease?

A

The enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids

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14
Q

What are the

A
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15
Q

What are the products of digestion used for.

A

They are used to build new carbohydrates,lipids and proteins. Some glucose is used in respiration

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16
Q

What are the products of digestion used for.

A

They are used to build new carbohydrates,lipids and proteins. Some glucose is used in respiration

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17
Q

What is made in the liver?

A

Bile is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder

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18
Q

What is bile?

A

It is an alkaline to neutralise hydrochloric acid from the stomach. It a,so emulsifies fat to form small droplets which increase the surface area . These increase the rate of fat breakdown by lipase

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19
Q

What is blood?

A

Blood is a tissue consisting of plasma , in which the red blood cells ,white blood cells and platelets are suspended

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20
Q

What are red blood cells?

A

They are cells that pick up oxygen from the air in your lungs and carry it to cells where it is needed

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21
Q

What are the adaptations of red blood cells?

A

They are bioconcave discs giving them an increased surface area to volume ratio for diffusion
They pascked with a red pigment called haemoglobinthat binds to oxygen
They have no nucleus making more space for haemoglobin

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22
Q

What are white blood cells?

A
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23
Q

What are platelets

A

They are small fragments of cells

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24
Q

Do platelets have a Nucleus ?

A

No

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25
Q

Why are platelets important ?

A

They are very important in helping the blood to clot at the site of a wound

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26
Q

What is blood clotting?

A

A series of enzyme-controlled reactions that result in fibrinogen into fibrin. This produces a network of protein fibres that captures lots of red blood cells and more platelets that stops u from bleeding to death

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27
Q

What happens after the blood clot dries?

A

It hardens to form a scab which protects the new skin as it grows and stops bacteria entering the body

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28
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

They have a nucleus and form part of the bodies defence system against harmful microorganisms. Some form antitoxins yet others engulf and digest the invading bacteria and viruses

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29
Q

What are the types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries veins capillaries

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30
Q

What do arteries do?

A

They carry blood away from your heart to the organs of ur body

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31
Q

What do veins do?

A

They carry blood away from your organs to the heart

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32
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

They form a huge network of tiny vessels linking the arteries and veins

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33
Q

What do arteries carry?

A

They carry oxygenated blood to the organs

34
Q

Why are capillaries?

A

The smallest blood vessels. They run between individual cells and have a wall that is only one cell thick

35
Q

What do veins carry?

A

Deoxygenated blood to the heart

36
Q

What are valves in the veins ?

A

They prevent the back flow of blood

37
Q

What is the heart?

A

An organ that pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system

38
Q

What is a double circulatory system?

A

When the circulation of blood from the heart to the lungs is separate from the circulation of blood from the heart to the rest of the body

39
Q

What does the right ventricle do?

A

It pumps blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place

40
Q

What does the left ventricle do?

A

It pumps blood around the rest of the body

41
Q

What are the atria?

A

The upper chambers of the heart

42
Q

What is the vena cava?

A

The large vein that brings deoxygenated blood from the body into the heart

43
Q

What is the pulmonary vein?

A

The large blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart

44
Q

What are the ventricles?

A

Chambers of the heart that contract to force blood out of the heart

45
Q

What is the pulmonary artery?

A

The large blood vessel that takes deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs

46
Q

What is the aorta

A

The artery that leaves the heart from the left vent Ryan carries oxygenated blood to the body

47
Q

What are the properties of an artery?

A

Small lumen- controls blood pressure
Thick walls- withstands blood pressure
Thick layer of muscle and elastic fibres - helps transport blood through arteries

48
Q

What are the properties of veins?

A

Large lumen
Relatively thin walls
Often have valves
NO PULSE

49
Q

What are the properties of capillaries?

A

Walls are single cell thick- short diffusion distance thus increases rate of diffusion
Tiny vessel with narrow lumen

50
Q

What is the natural resting heart rate controlled by?

A

A group of cells located in the right atrium that acts as a pacemaker

51
Q

What are artificial pacemakers?

A

They are electrical devices used to correct irregularities in the heart rate

52
Q

iOS has

A
53
Q

What happens if you have coronary heart disease?

A

Layers of fatty material buildup inside the coronary arteries, narrow then.this reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries resulting in a lack of oxygen for the heart muscle .

54
Q

What are stents used for?

A

They are used to keep the coronary arteries open.

55
Q

What are statins used for?

A

They are widely used to reduce blood cholesterol levels which slows down the rate of fatty materials deposit

56
Q

What are artificial hearts used for?

A

They are occasionally used to keep patients alive whilst waiting for a heart transplant, or to allow the heart as an aid to recovery

57
Q

What is health?

A

The state of physical and mental well being

58
Q

What are major causes of ill health?

A

Communicable and non communicable diseases

59
Q

What factors can affect physical and mental health?

A

Diet stress and life situations

60
Q

What is cancer?

A

A disease when a tumour forms when control of the cell cycle is lost and the cells grow in an abnormal uncontrolled way

61
Q

What are benign tumours ?

A

They are growths of abnormal cells which are contained in one area ,usually within a membrane . They do not invade other parts of the body

62
Q

What are malignant tumours?

A

They are cancers ,which invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body in the blood where they come from secondary tumours

63
Q

What can faulty heart valves be replaced by?

A

Biological or mechanical valves

64
Q

What can happen to people affected by faulty valves?

A

They can become breathless and without treatment they will eventually die

65
Q

What are faulty heart valves?

A

They prevent the valve from full opening or the heart valve might develop a leak

66
Q

What is the order of the digestive system?

A

Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and ends at the anus

67
Q

What do enzymes do ?

A

They break down large insoluble food mole into smaller ones.

68
Q

What happens in the small intestine?

A

Where soluble food molecules are absorbed into your blood

69
Q

What happens In the stomach?

A

Breaking down large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble molecules

70
Q

What happens in the large intestine?

A

Absorbing water from undigested food

71
Q

What happens in the after the large intestine?

A

The material left after the water is absorbed is called faeces. They are stored and then pass out of your boy through the rectumand anus

72
Q

What form a plant organ system?

A

Roots stem and leaves form a plant organ system for transport of substances around. The plants

73
Q

How are root hair cells adapted?

A

The efficient uptake of water by osmosis and mineral ions by active transport

74
Q

What is The role of the stomata and guard cells?

A

To control gas exchange and water loss

75
Q

What is phloem composed of?

A

Tubes of elongated cells

76
Q

What can move through phloem cells?

A

Cell sap can move through one phloem cells
To the next through pores in the end walls

77
Q

What do phloem cells transport?

A

Dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or storage

78
Q

What is the movement of food molecules through phloem tissue called?

A

Translocation

79
Q

What donxylem tissue transport?

A

Water and mineral ions from the roots to the stems and leaves

80
Q

What is xylem tissue composed of?

A

Hollow tubes strengthened by ligin

81
Q

How is xylem tissue adapted?

A

For the transport of water in the transpiration system

82
Q

The

A

Biology (3 decks)

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