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Biology > B2-Organisation > Flashcards

B2-Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What are tissues?

A

Groups of cells with similar structure and function

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2
Q

What is an organ

A

A collection of tissues performing specific functions

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3
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs with related functions working together to perform certain functions within the body

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4
Q

What are the 3 main nutrients we need as humans in large quantities and why?

A

Carbohydrates-main source of energy
Protiens-for growth and repair
Lipids-for energy, make up part of cell membranes so essential for normal growth

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5
Q

What are carbohydrates (starch) made up of?

A

Many glucose molecules

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6
Q

What are lipids made up of?

A

Fatty acid and glycerol molecules

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7
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Many different amino acids

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8
Q

What is the food test for starch?

A

Iodine-if it turns blue/black

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9
Q

What is the food test for sugars?

A

Benedict’s solution-if it turns brick red when heated to 70°C

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10
Q

What is the food test for protein?

A

Buiret reagent-if it turns purple

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11
Q

What is the food test for lipids?

A

Ethanol-if it gives a cloudy white layer

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12
Q

What are enzymes referred to as?

A

Biological Catalysts

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13
Q

What do catalysts do?

A

They increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up themselves

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14
Q

What is the substance the enzyme binds onto called?

A

The substrate

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15
Q

What is the area between the enzyme and the substrate?

A

The active site

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16
Q

What is it called when an enzyme and substrate join together?

A

An enzyme-substrate complex

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17
Q

What is the theory used for enzymes?

A

The lock and key theory

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18
Q

What are enzymes made of

A

Proteins

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19
Q

Fill in the blanks:

The substrate has a …………………. shape to the active site so fits together

A

Complementary

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20
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all the reactions in a cell or body

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21
Q

How does temperature affect enzyme activity?

A

Enzyme activity increases up to the optimum temperature and after that rapidly falls due to the enzyme becoming denatured

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22
Q

What is the result of an enzyme becoming denatured?

A

If an enzyme has become denatured the shape of the active site changes permantly so it won’t be useful for catalysing any of the same substrates

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23
Q

How does pH affect enzyme activity?

A

Outside of the optimum pH’s enzyme activity is slowed and some enzymes may become denatured

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24
Q

What are the areas of the digestive system from top to bottom?

A
  • Mouth
  • Salivary glands
  • Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Liver
  • Gall bladder
  • Pancreas
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
  • Appendix
  • Rectum
  • Anus
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25
Q

What does bile do?

A
  • Neutralise acid from stomach
  • Emulsifies lipids to form droplets
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26
Q

What are the 2 sections of the small intestine?

A

The duodenum and the illeum

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27
Q

What enzymes are used to digest Carbohydrates and where are they found?

A
  • Carbohydrases
  • Salivary glands, Small intestine
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28
Q

What enzymes are used to digest Proteins and where are they found?

A
  • Proteases
  • Stomach-pepsin, Duodenum-tripsin, Ileum-peptidase
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29
Q

What enzymes are used to digest Lipids and where are they found?

A
  • Lipases
  • Pancreas, Small intestine
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30
Q

What are the components of the blood?

A
  • Plasma
  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
  • Platelets
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31
Q

What substances does the blood transport?

A
  • Oxygen
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Glucose
  • Urea
  • Antibodies
  • Hormones
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32
Q

Describe an artery

A
  • They carry oxegynated blood away from the heart
  • They can withstand high pressure
  • They have a thick muscular made up of collagen and elastin
  • They have a small lumen
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33
Q

Describe a vein

A
  • They carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart
  • They only need to withstand low pressure
  • They have a thin wall
  • They have a large lumen
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34
Q

Describe a capillary

A
  • Blood slows down and leaks oxygen+glucose
  • They have walls a single cell thick
  • Tiny lumen
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35
Q

What do valves do in blood vessels?

A

Prevent backflow

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36
Q

What are our blood vessels arranged in?

A

A double circulatory system

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37
Q

What is the blood circulation for the lungs?

A

Pulmonary

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38
Q

What is the blood circulation for the body?

A

Systemic

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39
Q

What causes blood in veins to move?

A

Random muscle contractions

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40
Q

What is important to remember when looking at pictures of the heart?

A

It is flipped around meaning that the left side is displayed in the right and vice versa

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41
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart starting from looking at the top left and going clockwise round?

A
  • Right atrium
  • Left atrium
  • Left ventricle
  • Right ventricle
42
Q

What are the 4 coronary arteries in the heart?

A
  • Vena cava
  • Pulmonary artery
  • Pulmonary vein
  • Aorta
43
Q

What coronary arteries are located in the left half of the heart?

A

The aorta and the pulmonary vein

44
Q

What coronary arteries are located in the right half of the heart?

A

The vena cava and the pulmonary artery

45
Q

What does the vena cava do?

A

It brings de-oxygenated blood into the heart

46
Q

What does the pulmonary artery do?

A

It takes de-oxygenated blood to the lungs

47
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do?

A

It brings oxgenated blood from the lungs back to the heart

48
Q

What does the aorta do?

A

It carries oxygenated blood around the body

49
Q

List the path blood takes through the heart

A
  • Body
  • Vena cava
  • Right atrium
  • Right ventricle
  • Pulmonary artery
  • Lungs
  • Pulonary vein
  • Left atrium
  • Left ventricle
  • Aorta
  • Body
50
Q

Why is the muscular heart wall thicker on the left side?

A

It has to pump the blood all around the body-not just the lungs

51
Q

What do ventricles do?

A

Pump blood out of the heart

52
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

When fatty deposits build up in the coronary arteries (this forms a plaque)-this narrows the walls of the arteries and causes blood pressure to increase-also blood flow is reduced meaning less glucose and oxygen reach the heart for respiration

53
Q

What are treatments to coronary heart disease and how do they work?

A
  • Stents-a metal mesh that is placed in the artery-a tiny balloon is inflated to open up the blood vessel and the stent at the sane time-the stent remains in place holding the blood vessel open
  • Bypass surgery-part of the coronary artery can be replaced by a vein from another part of the body-this works for badly blocked arteries that stents cannot help
  • Statins-these reduce cholesterol levels and slow down the rate in which fatty material is deposited in the coronary arteries
54
Q

What are the risk factors for coronary heart disease?

A
  • Genetic factors
  • Age
  • Diet
  • Lifestyle choice-e.g smoking
55
Q

What does LDL stand for and what do these do?

A

Low density lipoproteins-these transport cholesteral into the body-these are bad for us and are caused by eating saturated fat : (

56
Q

What does HDL stand for and what do these do?

A

High density lipoprotiens-these return cholesterol to the liver-these are good for use and are caused by eating polyunsaturated fats : )

57
Q

What is worse-a blockage of a coronary artery near a junction or further along

A

Near a junction-blood supply is completely cut off

58
Q

What are some artificial ways we can help the heart?

A
  • Artificial valves
  • Artificial pacemakers
  • Artificial hearts
59
Q

What do heart valves do?

A

They prevent the backflow of blood

60
Q

How may a heart valve become faulty?

A

It may not open as wide as is normal or close properly

61
Q

What can damaged heart valves be replaced by?

A

Biological or mechanical valves

62
Q

When are artificial pacemakers used?

A

When a person’s heart beats abnormally-this can be abnormally slow, fast or irregular

63
Q

What is an artificial pacemaker?

A

A small battery-operated electronic device implanted into a person’s chest

64
Q

Where is an artificial pacemaker located in the heart?

A

The right atrium

65
Q

When are artificial hearts used?

A

They are used when a patient is waiting for a heart transplant or while waiting for their heart to recover

66
Q

Describe the path oxygen takes from the mouth/nose into the bloodstream

A

Oxygen enters the body through the mouth, down the trachea (windpipe), down the bronchi, down the bronchioles, into the alvioli (miniature air sacks). The oxygen then moves into blood vessels surrounding the alveoli via diffusion and binds to hemoglobin.

67
Q

What 2 substances are transferred between the alveoli and capilleries?

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

68
Q

How are the alveoli adapted for diffusion?

A
  • Thin walls-short distance for gases to travel
  • Spherical shape-large surface area to volume ratio
69
Q

What is the process of breathing called?

A

Ventilation

70
Q

What surrounds the lungs?

A

Intercoastal muscles and the diaphragm

71
Q

What causes air to be drawn in and out of the lungs?

A

Atmospheric air pressure

72
Q

What are the organs in plants and what do they do?

A
  • Leaves-take in sunlight for photosynthesis
  • Stem-transport of water and sugar
  • Roots-absorb water, minerals, anchor plant
73
Q

What is the function of the palisade mesophll?

A

They are packed with chloroplasts to absorb light efficiently

74
Q

What is the function of the spongy mesophyll?

A

Tissue is packed loosely for efficient gas exchange-they are covered in a thin layer of water and gases dissolve in this water as they move into and out of the cells

75
Q

What is the function of the guard cells?

A

To control the opening and closing of the stomata

76
Q

What is the function of the stomata?

A

To allow gases to move in and out of the leaf

77
Q

How are the phloem and xylem arranged in the stem?

A

In bundles

78
Q

How are the phloem and xylem arranged in the root?

A

A large xylem surrounded by seperate phloems

79
Q

What is the function of the phloem?

A

To carry organic molecules

80
Q

What is the function of the xylem?

A

To carry water and dissolved mineral ions

81
Q

List features of the phloem

A

2 way, end wall sieve plates, cells are living but they need companion cells

82
Q

List features of the xylem

A

1 way-upwards, no ends between cell walls, not living, lignin in the cell walls

83
Q

What is the loss of water vapour from the surface of leaves called?

A

Transpiration

84
Q

Where is water lost in plants?

A

When the stomata opens to let carbon dioxide in (the underneath of the leaves)

85
Q

What is the source in translocation in winter?

A

The leaves

86
Q

What is the sink in translocation in winter?

A

The starch underneath the ground (e.g) potatoes

87
Q

What is the source in translocation in summer?

A

The starch underneath the ground (e.g) potatoes

88
Q

What is the sink in translocation in summer?

A

The leaves

89
Q

What factors increase transpiration?

A
  • Increased temperature
  • Decreased humidity
  • Increased wind speed
  • Increased light intensity
90
Q

What is a non-communicable disease?

A

A disease that can’t be transferred between people or other organisms

91
Q

What are examples of non-communicable diseases?

A

Cancer, Diabetes, Genetic diseases, Heart disease, Neurological disorders

92
Q

What are risk factors for non-communicable diseases?

A
  • Diet
  • Lifestyle
  • Stress
93
Q

When does a tumour form?

A

When a cancerous cell divides rapidly

94
Q

What are the 2 types of tumours?

A

Benign and malignant tumours

95
Q

What are benign tumours?

A

Tumours that grow slowly-usually within a membrane, can easily be removed and doesn’t invade other parts of the body

96
Q

What are malignant tumours?

A

Tumours that grow quickly, invade neigbouring tissues and can be spread to other parts of the body in the bloodstream-secondary tumours can form

97
Q

What is it called when secondary tumours form?

A

Metistasis

98
Q

What are carcinogens?

A

Chemicals and other agents that cause cancer

99
Q

What are risk factors for cancer?

A
  • Cigarettes
  • Alcohol intake
  • Exposure to ultraviolet radiation
  • Exposure to ionising radiation
  • Exposure to chemical carcinogens
  • Genetic risk factors
100
Q

What are 3 ways of treating cancer?

A
  • Surgery
  • Radiotherapy
  • Chemotherapy
101
Q
A

Biology (7 decks)

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