B2 organisation Flashcards
organisation order
cell tissue organ organ system organism
tissue
group of similar cells working together to carry out a specific function
enzymes
biological catalysts
what is the active site
unique shape to fit substrate
describe what happens in an enzymatic reaction
enzyme, substrate, active site
what is the light intensity calculation
1/distance^2
how to make ideal photosynthesis conditionst
artificial light, paraffin heater, fertilisers
respiration is…
transforming energy from breakdown of glucose - exo
uses of respiration
larger molecules, steady body temp
metabolism
chemical reactions in an organism
what’re proteins made of
amino acids
what’re lipids made of
glycerol and 3 fatty acids
where does aerobic respiration occur in cells
mitonchondria
photosynthesis molecular formula equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + H2O
anaerobic respiration word equation
glucose > lactic acid/ethanol and carbon dioxide
on the right side what is the flow of blood
in through vena cava, right atrium then ventricle then up the pulmonary artery
on the left side what is the flow of blood
in through pulmonary vein, left atrium and ventricle then through the aorta
left ventricle characteristic
oxygen rich blood
thickest muscular wall
left atrium characteristics
oxygenated bloody from pulmonary vein
right atrium characteristics
received deoxygenated blood from vena carva
aorta characteristics
artery
away
vena carva characteristics
to hear from body
pulmonary vein characteristics
oxygenated blood from heart to lungs
pulmonary artery characteristics
blood vessels from right side of heart to lung
what’s the test for starch
iodine
what colour does iodine turn when starch is and isn’t present
is = blue/black isn’t = orange/brown
test for sugars
benedicts test
method of benedicts solution
prepare water baths at 75C and add benedicts solution to crushed sample and leave in water bath
what colours does benedicts solution turn iif sugar is present
green/yellow/red
test for lipids
sudan 111 or ethanol
what happens when lipids are present in sudan 111
a separate red layer on the top of the sample
test for proteins
biuret
what happens when proteins are present in biuret solution
lilac/ lighter blue
no protein present in biuret
dark blue
what does plasma contain
water proteins ions waste hormones gasses
what are platelet
fragments of dead cells that help blood clot
what do white blood cells do
defence against infection
shape of rbc
biconcave disk
artery characteristics
elastic fibres
strong walls
small lumen
away from heart
capillaries characteristics
close to cell
permeable walls
1 cell thick
vein characteristics
lower pressure
bigger lumen
valves to prevent back flow
capillaries join to make veins
red pigment in rbc
haemaglobin
what happens when blood reaches body cells?
diffusion of oxygen into cells and co2 diffused put
what keeps the heart supplied with oxygen
coronary arteries
what do valves do
prevent back flow
where are the lungs
thorax
what happens at the alveoli
gas exchange
what muscle is around the lungs
intercostal
what’s the name of the organs after oesophagus in thorax
bronchiole, bronchus and alveoli
how can you investigate breakdown of starch
keep beaker at constant temp and put iodine in every sporting tile
add 1cm3 of amylase and a buffer of pH 5
regular intervals put sample into well
what needs to be controlled in an amylase investigation
concentration and volume
what breaks down carbs
carbohydrase
what breaks down starch
amylase
why are molecules broken down
too big to fit through digestion system
where is amylase made
salivary glands, pancreas and small intestines
what breaks down proteins
protease
where is protease made
stomach, pancreas and small intestine
what breaks down lipids
lipase
where is lipase made
pancreas and small intestine
what pH is bile
alkaline
what does bile do
neutralise stomach acid and emulsified fats
where is bile produced
liver
where is bile stored
gall bladder
what is produced in salivary glands
amylase
what happens at the stomach
pummels food
produced pepsin
hydrochloride acid kills bacteria
what happens at liver
bile is produced
what happens at hall bladder
bile is stored
released in small intestine
what happens at the pancreas
protease, amylase and lipase
what happens at large intestine
water absorbed
what happens at small intestine
protease, amylase and lipase for complete digestion
where are the electrical cells located to keep heart pumping
right atrium
what is coronary heart disease
coronary arteries get blocked by layers of fatty material
restrict flow
heart attack
what are stents
tubes inserted inside arteries
quick recovery
risk of thrombosis
what are statins
reduce cholesterol
benefits of statins
reduce risk of strokes
increase hdl cholesterol
reduce risk of other disease
drawbacks of statins
long term and taken regularly
negative side affects
isnt instant
what types of artificial heart are there
mechanical, animal and human donor
benefits of mechanical heart
less likely to be rejected
drawbacks of mechanical heart
can lead to bleeding infection can wear out not smooth flow drigs to thin blood
what is health
state of physical an mental well-being
communicable disease
spread from person to person or between animals and people
mon communicable
cant spread between people
factors affecting health
diet
stress
lifestyle/situation
non communicable disease implications on humans
people die
low qol
shorter lifespan
non communicable disease implications on money
research and treatment is ecpensive
families income reduced
risk factors for non communicable diseases
natural substances in body
environmental like pollution
smoking
poor diet
what can obesity cause
type 2 diabetes
what can excessive alcohol consumption lead to
liver disease
toxic chemicals from gut
what causes cancer
carcinogen
what is cancer
uncontrollable cell growth
characteristics of benign tumour
grows until no room
stays in one place
not dangerous
isn’t cancerous
malignant tumour characteristics
grows and spreads to neighbouring tissues
secondary tumours
dangerous and fatal
risk factors for cancer
lifestyle obesity UV exposure viral infection Genetics
what can smoking cause
lung, mouth, bowel and stomach cancer
what can UV exposure leas to
skin cancer
what disease increases chance of liver cance e
hepatitis B+C
by sharing needles
how can genetics increase risk
inherit faulty genes
where is lipase made
pancreas
small intestine
where does lipase work
small intestine
where is protease made
stomach
pancreas
small intestine s
where is protease work
stomach
small intestine
where is amylase made
salivary gland
pancreas
small intestine
where does amylase work
mouth
small intestine
