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biology > B2 organisation > Flashcards

B2 organisation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

organisation order

A

cell tissue organ organ system organism

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2
Q

tissue

A

group of similar cells working together to carry out a specific function

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3
Q

enzymes

A

biological catalysts

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4
Q

what is the active site

A

unique shape to fit substrate

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5
Q

describe what happens in an enzymatic reaction

A

enzyme, substrate, active site

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6
Q

what is the light intensity calculation

A

1/distance^2

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7
Q

how to make ideal photosynthesis conditionst

A

artificial light, paraffin heater, fertilisers

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8
Q

respiration is…

A

transforming energy from breakdown of glucose - exo

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9
Q

uses of respiration

A

larger molecules, steady body temp

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10
Q

metabolism

A

chemical reactions in an organism

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11
Q

what’re proteins made of

A

amino acids

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12
Q

what’re lipids made of

A

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

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13
Q

where does aerobic respiration occur in cells

A

mitonchondria

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14
Q

photosynthesis molecular formula equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + H2O

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15
Q

anaerobic respiration word equation

A

glucose > lactic acid/ethanol and carbon dioxide

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16
Q

on the right side what is the flow of blood

A

in through vena cava, right atrium then ventricle then up the pulmonary artery

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17
Q

on the left side what is the flow of blood

A

in through pulmonary vein, left atrium and ventricle then through the aorta

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18
Q

left ventricle characteristic

A

oxygen rich blood

thickest muscular wall

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19
Q

left atrium characteristics

A

oxygenated bloody from pulmonary vein

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20
Q

right atrium characteristics

A

received deoxygenated blood from vena carva

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21
Q

aorta characteristics

A

artery

away

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22
Q

vena carva characteristics

A

to hear from body

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23
Q

pulmonary vein characteristics

A

oxygenated blood from heart to lungs

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24
Q

pulmonary artery characteristics

A

blood vessels from right side of heart to lung

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25
Q

what’s the test for starch

A

iodine

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26
Q

what colour does iodine turn when starch is and isn’t present

A 
is = blue/black
isn’t = orange/brown
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27
Q

test for sugars

A

benedicts test

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28
Q

method of benedicts solution

A

prepare water baths at 75C and add benedicts solution to crushed sample and leave in water bath

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29
Q

what colours does benedicts solution turn iif sugar is present

A

green/yellow/red

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30
Q

test for lipids

A

sudan 111 or ethanol

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31
Q

what happens when lipids are present in sudan 111

A

a separate red layer on the top of the sample

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32
Q

test for proteins

A

biuret

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33
Q

what happens when proteins are present in biuret solution

A

lilac/ lighter blue

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34
Q

no protein present in biuret

A

dark blue

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35
Q

what does plasma contain

A 
water
proteins 
ions
waste
hormones 
gasses
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36
Q

what are platelet

A

fragments of dead cells that help blood clot

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37
Q

what do white blood cells do

A

defence against infection

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38
Q

shape of rbc

A

biconcave disk

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39
Q

artery characteristics

A

elastic fibres
strong walls
small lumen
away from heart

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40
Q

capillaries characteristics

A

close to cell
permeable walls
1 cell thick

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41
Q

vein characteristics

A

lower pressure
bigger lumen
valves to prevent back flow
capillaries join to make veins

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42
Q

red pigment in rbc

A

haemaglobin

43
Q

what happens when blood reaches body cells?

A

diffusion of oxygen into cells and co2 diffused put

44
Q

what keeps the heart supplied with oxygen

A

coronary arteries

45
Q

what do valves do

A

prevent back flow

46
Q

where are the lungs

A

thorax

47
Q

what happens at the alveoli

A

gas exchange

48
Q

what muscle is around the lungs

A

intercostal

49
Q

what’s the name of the organs after oesophagus in thorax

A

bronchiole, bronchus and alveoli

50
Q

how can you investigate breakdown of starch

A

keep beaker at constant temp and put iodine in every sporting tile
add 1cm3 of amylase and a buffer of pH 5
regular intervals put sample into well

51
Q

what needs to be controlled in an amylase investigation

A

concentration and volume

52
Q

what breaks down carbs

A

carbohydrase

53
Q

what breaks down starch

A

amylase

54
Q

why are molecules broken down

A

too big to fit through digestion system

55
Q

where is amylase made

A

salivary glands, pancreas and small intestines

56
Q

what breaks down proteins

A

protease

57
Q

where is protease made

A

stomach, pancreas and small intestine

58
Q

what breaks down lipids

A

lipase

59
Q

where is lipase made

A

pancreas and small intestine

60
Q

what pH is bile

A

alkaline

61
Q

what does bile do

A

neutralise stomach acid and emulsified fats

62
Q

where is bile produced

A

liver

63
Q

where is bile stored

A

gall bladder

64
Q

what is produced in salivary glands

A

amylase

65
Q

what happens at the stomach

A

pummels food
produced pepsin
hydrochloride acid kills bacteria

66
Q

what happens at liver

A

bile is produced

67
Q

what happens at hall bladder

A

bile is stored

released in small intestine

68
Q

what happens at the pancreas

A

protease, amylase and lipase

69
Q

what happens at large intestine

A

water absorbed

70
Q

what happens at small intestine

A

protease, amylase and lipase for complete digestion

71
Q

where are the electrical cells located to keep heart pumping

A

right atrium

72
Q

what is coronary heart disease

A

coronary arteries get blocked by layers of fatty material
restrict flow
heart attack

73
Q

what are stents

A

tubes inserted inside arteries
quick recovery
risk of thrombosis

74
Q

what are statins

A

reduce cholesterol

75
Q

benefits of statins

A

reduce risk of strokes
increase hdl cholesterol
reduce risk of other disease

76
Q

drawbacks of statins

A

long term and taken regularly
negative side affects
isnt instant

77
Q

what types of artificial heart are there

A

mechanical, animal and human donor

78
Q

benefits of mechanical heart

A

less likely to be rejected

79
Q

drawbacks of mechanical heart

A 
can lead to bleeding
infection 
can wear out 
not smooth flow 
drigs to thin blood
80
Q

what is health

A

state of physical an mental well-being

81
Q

communicable disease

A

spread from person to person or between animals and people

82
Q

mon communicable

A

cant spread between people

83
Q

factors affecting health

A

diet
stress
lifestyle/situation

84
Q

non communicable disease implications on humans

A

people die
low qol
shorter lifespan

85
Q

non communicable disease implications on money

A

research and treatment is ecpensive

families income reduced

86
Q

risk factors for non communicable diseases

A

natural substances in body
environmental like pollution
smoking
poor diet

87
Q

what can obesity cause

A

type 2 diabetes

88
Q

what can excessive alcohol consumption lead to

A

liver disease

toxic chemicals from gut

89
Q

what causes cancer

A

carcinogen

90
Q

what is cancer

A

uncontrollable cell growth

91
Q

characteristics of benign tumour

A

grows until no room
stays in one place
not dangerous
isn’t cancerous

92
Q

malignant tumour characteristics

A

grows and spreads to neighbouring tissues
secondary tumours
dangerous and fatal

93
Q

risk factors for cancer

A 
lifestyle 
obesity 
UV exposure 
viral infection
Genetics
94
Q

what can smoking cause

A

lung, mouth, bowel and stomach cancer

95
Q

what can UV exposure leas to

A

skin cancer

96
Q

what disease increases chance of liver cance e

A

hepatitis B+C

by sharing needles

97
Q

how can genetics increase risk

A

inherit faulty genes

98
Q

where is lipase made

A

pancreas

small intestine

99
Q

where does lipase work

A

small intestine

100
Q

where is protease made

A

stomach
pancreas
small intestine s

101
Q

where is protease work

A

stomach

small intestine

102
Q

where is amylase made

A

salivary gland
pancreas
small intestine

103
Q

where does amylase work

A

mouth

small intestine

biology (6 decks)

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