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biology combined > b2 organisation > Flashcards

b2 organisation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define tissue

A

a group of cells with similar structure working together for a specific function

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2
Q

define organ

A

a group of tissues working together for specific functions

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3
Q

order the following : organ cell tissue organism organ systm

A

cell

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4
Q

state the function of the salivary glands

A

produce digestive enzymes(e.g amylase)

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5
Q

name the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach

A

oesophagus/gullet

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6
Q

state the function of the stomach

A

releases digestive enzymes to digest food

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7
Q

state the function of the liver in the digestive system

A

produces bile for lipid digestion

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8
Q

state the function of the small intestine

A

digest food and absorb nutrients from digested food

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9
Q

state the function of the large intestine

A

absorb water from digested food

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10
Q

state the function of the pancreas

A

produces/releases digestive enzymes

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11
Q

state the function of the gall bladder

A

stores bile before releasing into small intestine

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12
Q

what are carbohydrates made of

A

simple sugars

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13
Q

state the chemical formula of glucose

A

C6H12O6

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14
Q

name a complex carbohydrate that is made up of glucose

A

starch/cellulose/glycogen

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15
Q

state the importance of having carbohydrates in our diet

A

energy source - break down glucose in respiration to release energy for metabolic reactions

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16
Q

what are lipids made up of?

A

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids

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17
Q

state the importance of having lipids in our diet

A

energy store/make up cell membrane/steroid hormones

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18
Q

what are proteins made up of

A

amino acids

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19
Q

state the importance of having proteins in out diet

A

structural components/hormones/antibodies/enzymes

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20
Q

name the reagent used to test for starch

A

iodine

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21
Q

what is a positive result for starch test?

A

starch turns iodine from brown-red to blue black

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22
Q

name the reagent used to test for sugars

A

benedict’s solution

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23
Q

what is the positive result for sugars

A

benedict’s solution turns from clear blue to brick red

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24
Q

what is the reagent used to test for proteins

A

biuret solution

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25
Q

what is the positive test for proteins

A

biuret turns from blue to purple

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26
Q

what is the reagent used to test for lipids

A

Ethanol(+water)

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27
Q

what is the positive test for lipids?

A

white milky layer

28
Q

state a hazard in doing food tests

A

ethanol is flammable/biuret is corrosive

29
Q

define catalyst

A

A substance that speeds up chemical reactions but dont get used up

30
Q

define enzymes

A

biological catalysts that speeds up chemical reactions

31
Q

what kind of molecule are enzymes - carbohydrates, lipids or proteins?

A

proteins

32
Q

define active site

A

the site on an enzyme where the substrate binds

33
Q

Any substance can fit into the active site of an enzyme?True or False?

A

False

34
Q

briefly describe the lock and key model

A

substrate fits into the active site to form enzyme-substrate complex, reaction occurs, enzyme releases products and binds to another substrate

35
Q

define metabolism

A

sum of all reactions in a cell/body

36
Q

how does temperature affect enzymes rate of reaction?

A

as temperature increases, rate of reaction increases until after optimum

37
Q

why do enzymes stop working past their optimum temperature

A

they become denatured(substrate can no longer bind to active site

38
Q

why do enzymes not work well at lower temperature?

A

inactive(not enough kinetic energy to collide and bind to active site)

39
Q

how does a change in pH affect enzyme structure?

A

pH change affects forces holding enzyme structure together, causing it to denature

40
Q

define digestion

A

breakdown of large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble substances

41
Q

name the type of enzyme that digest carbohydrates

A

carbohydrates

42
Q

name the enzyme that digest starch

A

amylase

43
Q

name the enzyme that digest starch

A

amylase

44
Q

name the product of the breakdown of starch

A

simple sugars

45
Q

name the type of enzyme that digests proteins

A

proteases

46
Q

name the protease that works well in the stomach

A

pepsin

47
Q

name the product of the breakdown of proteins

A

Amino acids

48
Q

name the type of enzyme that digests lipids

A

lipases

49
Q

name the products of the breakdown of lipids

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

50
Q

which organs produce amylase

A

salivary glands, pancrease and small intestine

51
Q

which organs produce proteases

A

stomach,pancrease and small instine

52
Q

which organs produce lipases

A

pancreas and small intestine

53
Q

where does starch digestion occur

A

mouth + small intestine

54
Q

where does protein digestion occur

A

stomach + small intestine

55
Q

where does lipid digestion occur

A

small intestine

56
Q

how are the nutrients carried away from the gut

A

absorbed into bloodstream through small intestine

57
Q

state an observation to determine when the amylase has completed its digestion of starch

A

Iodine remains brown-red rather than turing blue-black

58
Q

state a reason for setting the amylase solution,starch solution and the buffer in the water bath before the experiment

A

To ensure all of the same temp, so that temperature will not affect the results(fair test)

59
Q

How does the hydrochloric acid in the stomach help with digestion

A

provides optimum pH for pepsin to digest proteins

60
Q

Apart from digestion, what is another function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach

A

Kill pathogens in food

61
Q

How is the stomach adapted to protect itself from the hydrochloric acid?

A

Thick mucus layer/quick renewal of epithelial layer

62
Q

state 2 functions of bile

A

emulsifies fats, neutralises acidic food from stomach

63
Q

what is emulsification?

A

Physically breaking down large oil drops into smaller droplets, increasing surface area for lipase to work on.

64
Q

bile is an enzyme TRUE or FALSE?

A

False

65
Q

Hydrochloric acid in the stomach breaks down food.True or false?what does it do?

A

False - provides optimum pH for pepsin and kills bacteria,NOT digest food

66
Q

state the importance of the neutralising role bile has.

A

small intestine does not have protective mucus layer, enzymes will denature in small intestine

biology combined (2 decks)

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