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biology combined > B1 cell bilogy > Flashcards

B1 cell bilogy Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

state the equation for total magnification of a microscope

A

eyepiece lens times objective lens = magnifying power

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2
Q

state the equation that links magnification, image size and actual size

A

image size = actual size times magnification

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3
Q

define resolution

A

the ability to distinguish between two separate points that are very close together

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4
Q

which type of microscope has a higher magnification and resolving power - light or electron?

A

electron microscope

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5
Q

why does the tissue sample need to be stained before looking at it under the microscope

A

to see the structures clearly

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6
Q

which objective lens should we start using

A

low power objective lens

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7
Q

which focus knob should be used during low and medium power magnification

A

coarse focus knob

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8
Q

which focus knob should be used during high power magnification

A

fine focus knob

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9
Q

state the function of the nucleus

A

controls all activities of the cell, contains genetic information

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10
Q

state the function of the cytoplasm

A

site for chemical reactions to take place

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11
Q

state the function of the cell membrane

A

controls what substances go in and out of the cell

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12
Q

state the function of the mitochondria

A

site of aerobic respiration, releasing energy

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13
Q

state the function of the chloroplasts

A

contain chlorophyll, absorb light to do photosynthesis

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14
Q

state the function of the permanent vacuole

A

contains cell sap to keep plants cells rigid, provide support

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15
Q

what substances make up plants cell wall

A

cellulose

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16
Q

Three differences between plant and animal cells

A

plant cells have chloroplasts permanent vacuole and cellulose cell wall.

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17
Q

convert 5 mm to μm.(micrometers)

A

5000μm.

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18
Q

state a key difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes do not have a nucleus.eukaryotes do have a nucleus

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19
Q

state on organism that is prokaryotic

A

bacteria

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20
Q

where does the genetic material of a prokaryotic cell exist?

A

cytoplasm

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21
Q

what is the function of the flagella

A

to allow the cell to swim and move around.

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22
Q

state a difference between animal cells and bacteria

A

Animal cells : no cell wall and plasmid, they have linear DNA. Bacteria : cell wall and plasmid, they have circular DNA

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23
Q

state a similarity between plant cells and bacterial cells.. .

A

both have cell walls (but different material)

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24
Q

explain the use of a tail in sperm cells

A

to swim and move around(to reach the egg)

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25
Q

why do sperm cells have lots of mitochondria

A

to provide lots of energy for swimming

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26
Q

describe the adaptations of a nerve cell

A

lots of dendrites; long axon

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27
Q

what is the function of a nerve cell

A

carry electrical impulses

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28
Q

how does having a long axon help neurons with their function

A

carry electrical impulses over a long distance

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29
Q

describe how a muscle cell is adapted for its function

A

special proteins for contractions; many mitochondria for energy; store glycogen to release glucose for respiration

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30
Q

root hair cells have lots of mitochondria to release energy.what is the energy used for

A

active transport of mineral ions into root hair cells

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31
Q

how do the extensions in root cells help with their function

A

increase surface area for efficient water absorption

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32
Q

how are photosynthetic cells adapted for photosynthesis

A

lots of chloroplasts with chlorophyll to absorb light

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33
Q

define diffusion

A

net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration(down concentration gradient)

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34
Q

state three factors that affect the rate of diffusion

A

concentration gradient, temperature, surface area

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35
Q

how does concentration difference affect the rate of diffusion

A

higher concentration difference/steeper concentration gradient = faster diffusion

36
Q

explain why a higher temperature results in faster diffusion

A

more kinetic energy particles move around more

37
Q

name 2 substance that diffuses into our cells for use

A

oxygen, glucose

38
Q

name 2 substances that diffuse out of our cells to be removed

A

carbon dioxide and urea

39
Q

name 2 structure in the body that is adapted to increase diffusion rate

A

alveoli, villi

40
Q

define osmosis

A

net movement of water molecules from a high water concentration to a low water concentration through a partially permeable membrane

41
Q

define dilute

A

a solution with a high water concentration, but low solute concentration

42
Q

define concentration

A

a solution with a low water concentration but high solute concetration

43
Q

what are partially permeable membarnes

A

membranes that only allow some types of substances to pass through

44
Q

why does the potato skin need to be removed before putting the potato cylinders into the solutions

A

skin is impermeables

45
Q

how do we calculate percentage change in mass

A

final mass- initial mass/initial mass × 100

46
Q

define active transport

A

The net movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration using energy.

47
Q

explain the importance of active transport in plants

A

root hair cells carry out active transport to absorb mineral ions effectively in dilute soil

48
Q

explain the importance of active transport in animals

A

cell in gut lining do active transport to absorb effectively from the bloodstream

49
Q

state one adaptation cells may have if they need to carry out active transport

A

lots of mitochondria for respiration for energy

50
Q

how does active transport differ from diffusion and osmosis

A

active transport uses energy however diffusion and osmosis do not

51
Q

state 2 differences between diffusion and osmosis

A

Diffusion:Any particles diffuse and it does not need a membrane. Osmosis: water is the only substance that does osmosis and it needs a partially permeable membrane

52
Q

state the relationship between size and surface area to volume ratio

A

the bigger the size the smaller the surface area to volume ratio

53
Q

describe 3 adaptations of exchange surfaces

A

large surface area ,thin membrane/surface, and ability to maintain high concentration difference

54
Q

how are alveoli adapted for efficient gaseous exchange?

A

large surface area, thin membrane(short diffusion distance), rich blood supply(maintain steep concentration gradient)

55
Q

how are plant roots adapted for efficient water and mineral absorption

A

large surface area(root hair), transpiration stream

56
Q

how does stomata help maintain efficient gas exchange in leaves

A

allow gases to move in and out of leaf, maintaining steep concentration gradient

57
Q

what is a gene

A

a short section of DNA that codes for a protein/controls a characteristic

58
Q

what are chromosomes

A

structures in the nucleus that carry genes

59
Q

how many chromosomes are in one human body

A

46

60
Q

chromosomes are arranged in …… pairs in a human body

A

23

61
Q

how many percent of your chromosome have you inherited from your father?

A

50%

62
Q

briefly describe the cell cycle

A

cell content (DNA) is replicated, mitosis occurs to make 2 genetically identical cells

63
Q

define mitosis

A

cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells

64
Q

which type of reproduction is based on only mitosis

A

asexual

65
Q

state three examples where mitosis is used in organisms

A

growth,repair and asexual reproduction

66
Q

briefly describe the first stage in the cell cycle

A

cell size increase, DNA and organelle replication

67
Q

briefly describe the second stage (mitosis) in the cell cycle

A

nucleus divides - one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the dividing cell

68
Q

briefly describe the third stage in the cell cycle

A

cytoplasm and cell membrane divides into 2 daughter cells

69
Q

what has to happen to the cell before mitosis to ensure we can make 2 genetically identical daughter cells

A

DNA and organelles must replicate before division

70
Q

define differentiation

A

the process where a cell becomes specialised/adapted to perform specific functions

71
Q

define stem cell

A

undifferentiated cell with the potential to become specialised

72
Q

define adult stem cells

A

stem cells that can only differentiate into a specific type of cell

73
Q

where does differentiation of stem cells occur in humans

A

bone marrow

74
Q

where does differentiation occur in plants

A

meristem/root tip/shoot tip

75
Q

define cloning

A

production of identical offspring by asexual reproduction/mitosis

76
Q

by which cell division type does cloning occur

A

mitosis

77
Q

define embryo

A

a ball of cells made from mitosis of a fertilised egg

78
Q

define embryonic stem cells

A

stem cells from an early embryo that can differentiate into all cell types

79
Q

where do you get adult stem cells in animals

A

bone marrow

80
Q

suggest 2 diseases that may be treated with stem cell treatment

A

paralysis, diabetes, blindness

81
Q

briefly describe how we can use stem cells to treat someone with type 1 diabetes

A

induce embryonic stem cells to produce healthy pancreas cells to make enough insulin

82
Q

where do you get stem cells in plants

A

meristem/root tip/shoot tip

83
Q

why is the ability to clone plants quickly a benefit

A

produce large numbers of rare plants reliably and safely to stop their extinction and for her research, agriculture advances

84
Q

state one medicinal/scientific benefit of therapeutic cloning

A

no rejection problem

85
Q

state one risk or concern people may have about using stem cells

A

unethical to use aborted embryos ;difficult and expensive project ;cancer concern ;viral infection/transmission

biology combined (2 decks)

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