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Biology > B2 - Inheritance > Flashcards

B2 - Inheritance Flashcards

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0
Q

How do body cells divide?

A

Body cells divide by mitosis and meiosis.

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1
Q

How is genetic information carried?

A

Genetic information is carried as genes on chromosomes.

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2
Q

Why is there no variation in offspring produced by asexual reproduction?

A

The offspring is produced by mitosis so they all contain the same alleles as the parent cell.

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3
Q

What are sex cells called?

A

Sex cells are called gametes.

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4
Q

How are gametes produced?

A

Gametes are produced when the cells in the sex organs divide by meiosis. Sex cells have only one set of chromosomes.

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5
Q

Why do gametes only have one set of chromosomes (23)?

A

A human body cell contains 46 chromosomes. The parent cell chromosomes make identical copies of themselves, they divide so you have 2 pairs of cells with 46 chromosomes that divide again to form 4 genetically different gametes with 23 chromosomes each. Meiosis reduces the chromosome number.

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6
Q

Why does sexual reproduction result in variety?

A

Two organisms with different genetic makeup produce an offspring that is a combination of the two different genotypes, this creates a genetically unique individual.

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7
Q

What is the source of stem cells in humans?

A

In humans, stem cells are usually found in bone marrow.

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8
Q

Describe the differences between plant and animal cells.

A

A plant cell is usually bigger in size, cannot change shape and has a cell wall protecting the inside of the cell.

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9
Q

Explain the function of stem cells.

A

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells in a developing fetus. They are researched to see if stem cells can be used to repair damaged parts of the human body, instead of having to use transplant organs

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10
Q

How could stem cells be used to treat medical conditions?

A

Stem cells could be used as an alternative to organ transplants. For example in spinal cord injuries, stem cells can be coerced into becoming nerve cells.

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11
Q

What are the social and ethical issues in the use of stem cells from embryos?

A

Many embryonic stem cells come from aborted embryos. Many religious groups feel this wrong as the embryo is a potential human being and is a violation of human rights.

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12
Q

What is a gene?

A

A gene is a small section of DNA.

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13
Q

What does each gene code?

A

Each gene codes for a particular sequence of amino acids to make a specific protein.

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14
Q

Describe some of the experiments carried out by Mendel using pea plants.

A

Mendel used breeding experiments of pea plants and used different types (smooth, wrinkly, green and yellow) by cross breeding them and predicting the offspring’s appearance.

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15
Q

Why did Mendel propose the idea is separately inherited factors?

A

Mendel realised that some characteristics with dominant over others and that they never mixed together.

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16
Q

Why did no one recognise Mendel’s discovery until after his death?

A

No one recognised Mendel’s discovery until after his death because there was no way of explaining chromosomes and people didn’t understand his theories.

17
Q

What is the definition of homozygous?

A

Homozygous means you’ve got a pair of matching alleles, which are the two genes that control a particular trait.

18
Q

What is the definition of heterozygous?

A

Heterozygous refers to a pair of genes where one is dominant and one is recessive — they’re different.

19
Q

What is the definition of phenotype?

A

The phenotype is the physical appearance of an organism as distinguished from its genetic makeup.

20
Q

What is the definition of genotype?

A

The definition of genotype is the internally coded, inheritable information carried by all living organisms.

21
Q

What is the definition of DNA fingerprinting?

A

The definition of DNA fingerprinting is using samples of the body in order to identify individuals.

22
Q

What is a polydactyly?

A

Polydactyly is the time to describe extra fingers on the hands or extra toes on the feet.

23
Q

How is polydactyly inherited?

A

Polydactyly is caused by a dominant allele of a polydactyly gene.

24
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

Cystic fibrosis is a hereditary disorder which causes thick mucus to be produced which can cause blockages in the body.

25
Q

How can cystic fibrosis be inherited from to healthy parents?

A

Cystic fibrosis can be inherited from healthy parents if both parents are carriers of the faulty allele. This gives a one in four chance of the child getting cystic fibrosis.

26
Q

What is embryo screening?

A

Embryo screening is the screening of embryos for the alleles that cause polydactyly, cystic fibrosis and other genetic disorders.

27
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes are long threads of DNA, made up of many genes.

28
Q

What is DNA?

A

Your DNA are molecules that carry the genetic code that determine the characteristics of a living organism.

29
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

DNA consists of two strands coiled into a double helix.

30
Q

What is each strand of DNA made of?

A

Each strand of DNA is made from chemicals called bases.

31
Q

What are alleles?

A

Alleles are pairs of chromosomes found in the nucleus of the body cell. Different versions of the same gene are called alleles.

32
Q

Want is a dominant allele?

A

A dominant allele is an allele that is always expressed even if the individual only has one copy of it.

33
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

A recessive allele is an allele only expressed if the individual has two copies of the allele.

34
Q

What are new cells produced for?

A

New cells are produced for growth, repair damaged tissue and the replacement of worn-out cells.

35
Q

What is produced when meiosis takes place?

A

Gametes are produced when meiosis takes place.

36
Q

What in the cell is affected by cystic fibrosis?

A

In the cell, cell membranes are affected by cystic fibrosis.

37
Q

Is Huntington’s disease carried by a dominant or a recessive allele?

A

Huntington’s disease is carried by a dominant allele.

38
Q

If a person has one allele of an inherited disease, how would you describe them?

A

This person would be described as a carrier.

39
Q

What sex chromosomes do you need to have in order to be a woman?

A

You need to have a pair of X chromosomes.

40
Q

What sex chromosomes do you sperm and egg cells have?

A

Egg cells carry one X chromosome. Sperm cells can either have an X or Y chromosome from the father.

Biology (8 decks)

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