B2 Cont. Flashcards
What is the incubation period?
The incubation period is the number of days between infection (by pathogen) and symptoms happen.
What are vaccines ?
Vaccines contain dead or weakened pathogen particles. They stimulate antibody and memory cell production without making the person ill.
What do vaccines do ?
Vaccine triggers antibodies to label, disable, and clump pathogen. Memory cells produce antibodies upon reinfection. This reduces disease spread in humans and animals.
Benefits of vaccines
~Vaccines reduce infectious disease risk
~Save money
~Create herd immunity against certain diseases.
Risks of vaccines
Vaccines may cause rare side effects Vaccines may cause allergies.
What is herd community ?
Herd immunity is an effective way to control the spread of infectious diseases, especially when a vaccine is available.
Ways of preventing spread of diseases in animals
-Use of condom
-Sanitation
-Sterilising wounds
-Restricting travel or isolation of infected patients
Way of reducing the spread of diseases in plants
-Regulating plant movement restricts certain plants, pests, and soil. -Polyculture prevents infection.
-Crop rotation and chemical/biological control reduce pathogen susceptibility.
-Infected material should be destroyed.
1.White blood have_____that distinguish between cells that belong to the body or are foreign/non-self.
2.White blood cells______and______pathogens
3.White blood cells also produce______that bind to_____on the pathogens
gen.
4.The shape of the antibodies are_______to the shape of the antigen
5.Antibodies disable and________ the pathogen for attack by other white blood cells
1.receptors
2.engulf and digest
3.antibodies and antigens
4.complimentary
5.label
Preclinical testing
Preclinical testing on animals and human cells test safety and effectiveness.
Clinical testing
Clinical testing uses healthy volunteers and humans with the disease. Trials involve a control group and can be open, blind, or double-blind.
Explain the following:
Open trial
Blind trial
Double blind
Open-both the researcher and patient knows the treatment being administered
Blind-only the researcher and not patient knows the treatment being administered
Double blind-both the researcher and patient do not know the treatment being administered
What is cardiovascular diseases ?
CVD affects the heart or blood vessels, often due to fatty deposits and blood clots. Lifestyle changes are better than drugs or surgeries.
Methods to treat cvd
-Drugs-statins reduce cholesterol. -Surgery can reduce blockage. -Lifestyle changes include quitting smoking, exercising more, and eating less saturated fat.
What is heart rate ?
The number of time the heart beats per minute
