B2 Cells, Photosynthesis And Distribution

Question 0

What happens with the nucleus?

Answer 0

It contains genetic material that controls the workings of the cell.

Question 1

What do all animal cells have?

Answer 1

A nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes.

Question 2

What happens with the cytoplasm?

Answer 2

It is a gel like substance where most of the chemical relations take place. Enzymes controls these reactions.

Question 3

What happens with the cell membrane?

Answer 3

It holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out.

Question 4

What happens with the mitochondria?

Answer 4

Respirations takes place here.

Question 5

What happens with the ribosomes on Golgi ?

Answer 5

They produce proteins

Question 6

What extra bits do plant cells have?

Answer 6

Cell wall, permanent vacuole and chloroplasts.

Question 7

What happens with the cell wall?

Answer 7

It is made of cellulose and keeps the shape of the cell rigid.

Question 8

What does the vacuole do?

Answer 8

It keeps the shape of the cell rigid and contains cell sap.

Question 9

What do chloroplasts do?

Answer 9

Absorb the light needed for photosynthesis. It contains chlorophyll which makes it green. This is where photosynthesis happens.

Question 10

Describe the yeast cell.

Answer 10

It contains a nucleus, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall.

Question 11

Describe the bacterial cell.

Answer 11

It has cytoplasm, a cell membrane and a cell wall.

There is no nucleus so the genetic material floats. There are also plasmids which are circular bits of DNA.

Question 12

Define diffusion.

Answer 12

The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. This only happens in gases and liquids.

Question 13

What causes diffusion to act faster?

Answer 13

The bigger the concentration gradient and temperature the faster the diffusion rate.

Question 14

Where does diffusion happen in the body?

Answer 14

Oxygen moving from the lungs to our blood.

Food moving from the small intestine.

Question 15

How is the palisade leaf cell adapted to photosynthesis?

Answer 15

It contains lots of chloroplasts on the top so they can use the light.
It is tall meaning a large surface area for absorbing CO2.
Thin meaning lots can fit in a area.
They are at the top of the leaf to get to the sunlight.

Question 16

How are guard cells adapted to open and close pores?

Answer 16

When the plant has lots of water, the cells fill up making the stomata open meaning gas can be exchanged for photosynthesis.
When there is less water, the cells have less water and close the stomata to stop water from evaporating.
They are sensitive to light. They close at night to save water when no photosynthesis can occur.

Question 17

How are red blood cells adapted to carry oxygen?

Answer 17

They are concave meaning a large surface area and they can travel through capillaries more smoothly.
They contain lots of haemoglobin which absorbs oxygen and they have no nucleus meaning more haemoglobin room.

Question 18

Explain how sperm and egg cells are specialised for reproduction.

Answer 18

The egg cell contains large food reserves to feed the embryo.
When the sperm fuses with the egg, the membrane changes to stop any more sperm getting in.
The sperm is streamlined and has a tail for swimming and they contain enzymes in the head that dissolve the egg membrane.

Question 19

Name five cells that are specialised.

Answer 19

Palisade leaf cells, guard cells, red blood cells, sperm cells, egg cells.

Question 20

Define differentiation.

Answer 20

The process by which cells become specialised for a particular job. This occurs during the development of multicellular organisms.

Question 21

Explain tissues giving examples

Answer 21

A tissue is a group of similar cells that carry out the same job. It can include more than one type of cell. Examples include
Muscular tissues which contract to move things.
Glandular tissues which produce enzymes and hormones.
Epithelial tissue which covers the outside and inside of the stomach.

Question 22

Explain organs and the tissues in one

Answer 22

It is group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function. In the stomach:
Muscular tissue churns up the food.
Glandular tissue produces digestive juices
Epithelial tissue covers the outside and inside of the stomach

Question 23

Explain organ systems and explain one

Answer 23

It is a group of organs that work together to perform a certain function. In the digestive system:
Glands produce digestive juices.
The stomach and small intestine digest food.
The liver makes bile.
The small intestine absorbs food.
The large intestine absorbs water.

Question 24

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

Answer 24

Carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen
Sunlight
Chlorophyll

Question 25

Explain some tissues found in plants.

Answer 25

Mesophyll tissue. This is where photosynthesis occurs.
Xylem and phloem. They transport water, minerals and sucrose around the plant.
Epithelial tissue. Covers the plant.

Question 26

What three things can become limiting factors in a plant?

Answer 26

Light ,CO2 and temperature

Question 27

Explain how limiting factors can change depending on environmental conditions.

Answer 27

At night light is the limiting factor.
In winter the temperature
If it is warm and bright it will be CO2.

Question 28

How does the temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?

Answer 28

If it is too low the enzymes move slower meaning a slower rate.
If it is above 45C the enzymes will denature and the rate will fall.
The graph with the rate of photosynthesis and temperature the line will slowly go up but then quickly fall.

Question 29

How can the ideal conditions for growing plants be produced?

Answer 29

A green house is often used.
They trap the suns heat and in winter a heater might be used to heat it. To prevent it getting too hot ventilation and shades will be used.
Artificial light will be provided meaning photosynthesis can occur at night.
The amount of CO2 in the green house van be controlled by using paraffin heaters with produce CO2.
Green houses protect from pests.

Question 30

What are the five ways in which plants use glucose?

Answer 30

Respiration, making cell walls, making proteins, storing it in seeds and storing it as starch.

Question 31

Explain how plants use glucose for respiration.

Answer 31

Glucose is produced in the leaves and this is used in respiration to produce energy.

Question 32

Explain how plants use glucose when making cell walls.

Answer 32

Glucose is turned into cellulose which is used to produce strong cell walls, especially in a rapidly growing plant.

Question 33

Explain how plants use glucose when making proteins.

Answer 33

Glucose is combined with nitrate ions which came from the soil to make amino acid which makes proteins.

Question 34

Explain how plants use glucose in seeds.

Answer 34

Glucose is turned into lipids for storing in seeds. Starch is also in these seeds.

Question 35

Explain how plants use glucose is stored as starch.

Answer 35

It is made into starch and stored in roots, stems and leaves so it can be used when photosynthesis isn’t happening.
Starch is insoluble meaning it is better than storing glucose as it won’t take in water and swell.

Question 36

Which environmental factors can affect the distribution of organisms?

Answer 36

Temperature, availability of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients and the amount of light.

Question 37

How are quadrants used?

Answer 37

They are square frames that enclose a known area e.g. 1 M squared. They are placed on a random point and you count the number of organisms in a given area.

Question 38

How is a transect used?

Answer 38

They are lines that can work out the distribution of organism across an area.
You mark out a line across the area with a tape measure.
Then you collect the data. This can be done by counting the organism that touch the line or be using quadrants that are on the line at intervals along the line.