B2 - Cells and Control Flashcards
What is mitosis?
Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.
What is the primary purpose of mitosis?
The primary purpose of mitosis is for growth and repair of tissues.
True or False: Mitosis produces genetically different cells.
False
What phase of the cell cycle does mitosis occur in?
Mitosis occurs in the M phase of the cell cycle.
Fill in the blank: Mitosis results in ________ identical cells.
two
What are the stages of mitosis?
The stages of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
In which stage of mitosis do chromosomes line up at the equatorial plate?
Metaphase
True or False: Chromosomes are duplicated during mitosis.
False
What structure helps to separate the chromosomes during mitosis?
The spindle fibers.
What happens during prophase?
During prophase, the chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes and the nuclear envelope breaks down.
What is the role of the centrioles in mitosis?
Centrioles help organize the spindle fibers that separate the chromosomes.
During which phase do sister chromatids separate?
Anaphase
What is the outcome of telophase?
Telophase results in the formation of two new nuclear envelopes around the separated sets of chromosomes.
Fill in the blank: Cytokinesis usually occurs ________ mitosis.
after
How does cytokinesis differ in plant and animal cells?
In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs through cleavage furrow formation, while in plant cells, a cell plate forms.
What type of cells undergo mitosis?
Somatic cells.
True or False: Mitosis can occur in prokaryotes.
False
What is the result of errors during mitosis?
Errors during mitosis can lead to conditions such as cancer due to abnormal cell growth.
What is the function of checkpoints in the cell cycle?
Checkpoints ensure that the cell is ready to proceed to the next phase of the cell cycle.
Fill in the blank: The phase before mitosis is called ________.
interphase
What occurs during interphase?
During interphase, the cell grows, duplicates its DNA, and prepares for mitosis.
What is the role of DNA replication in mitosis?
DNA replication ensures that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes.
Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the appearance of the spindle apparatus?
Prophase
What happens to the nuclear envelope during prophase?
The nuclear envelope breaks down.
True or False: Mitosis is a form of asexual reproduction.
True
What is the significance of mitosis in multicellular organisms?
Mitosis is crucial for growth, development, and tissue repair in multicellular organisms.
What are sister chromatids?
Sister chromatids are identical copies of a chromosome connected by a centromere.
During which phase do the chromatids become individual chromosomes?
Anaphase
What is the purpose of spindle fibers?
Spindle fibers help to separate and move chromosomes during mitosis.
Fill in the blank: The chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles during ________.
anaphase
What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis produces two identical cells, while meiosis produces four genetically different gametes.
True or False: Mitosis includes two rounds of cell division.
False
What is the role of the mitotic spindle?
The mitotic spindle is responsible for separating the chromosomes during mitosis.
In which phase do chromosomes de-condense back into chromatin?
Telophase
What is the significance of mitotic regulation?
Mitotic regulation ensures proper cell division and prevents uncontrolled cell growth.
Fill in the blank: The cell cycle consists of ________, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
interphase
What is the G1 phase?
The G1 phase is the first gap phase of interphase where the cell grows and synthesizes proteins.
What happens during the S phase of interphase?
During the S phase, DNA is replicated.
What is the G2 phase?
The G2 phase is the second gap phase where the cell prepares for mitosis.
True or False: Mitosis is critical for asexual reproduction in unicellular organisms.
True
What is the role of cyclins in the cell cycle?
Cyclins are proteins that regulate the progression of the cell cycle.
What can happen if a cell bypasses the checkpoints?
Bypassing checkpoints can lead to uncontrolled cell division and cancer.
Fill in the blank: The process of cell division that occurs after mitosis is called ________.
cytokinesis
What is the primary function of mitosis in single-celled organisms?
In single-celled organisms, mitosis is primarily for reproduction.
What happens to the genetic material during mitosis?
The genetic material is duplicated and evenly distributed to the daughter cells.
True or False: Mitosis occurs continuously in all cell types.
False
What is the role of checkpoints in preventing cancer?
Checkpoints help detect and repair DNA damage, preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
What is the term for the division of the cytoplasm?
Cytokinesis
During which phase do chromosomes become visible under a microscope?
Prophase
What is the role of the centromere?
The centromere holds sister chromatids together and is where spindle fibers attach.
What happens during the late telophase?
The nuclear envelope re-forms around each set of chromosomes.
What are the two main types of cell division?
Mitosis and meiosis.
What is the result of mitosis in terms of chromosome number?
The chromosome number remains the same as the parent cell.
Fill in the blank: The ________ phase is when the cell prepares for mitosis.
G2
What is the significance of mitosis in tissue repair?
Mitosis allows for the replacement of damaged or dead cells in tissues.
