B2 cells

Question 1

Cytoplasm

Answer 1

A jelly like fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Question 2

DNA

Answer 2

Molecule that makes up the genetic material of cells which contains the instructions for making the cell and for all the cell’s functions

Question 3

Enzymes

Answer 3

Biological catalysts: they speed up many of the reactions that happen in cells such as those involved in respiration

Question 4

Cell membrane

Answer 4

A semi permeable structure, which controls what enters and leaves the cell

Question 5

Animal cells contain…

Answer 5

• Cell membrane
• Nucleus
• Mitochondria
• Cytoplasm

Question 6

Nucleus

Answer 6

Contains genetic material and controls the cells activities

Question 7

Mitochondria

Answer 7

The ‘powerhouses’ of the cell

Question 8

Plant cells contain…

Answer 8

• Permanent vacuole
• Chloroplasts
• Cell wall
• Cell membrane
• Nucleus
• Mitochondria
• Cytoplasm

Question 9

Vacuole

Answer 9

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

Question 10

Chloroplasts

Answer 10

Site of photosynthesis

Question 11

Cell wall

Answer 11

A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell

Question 12

Where are ciliated epithelia located

Answer 12

Lines the airways (trachea and bronchi)

Question 13

Egg cell

Answer 13

Female gamete which is fertilised by a sperm cell to become a zygote (then embryo)

Question 14

Function of ciliated epithelia

Answer 14

Moves mucus to the trachea and bronchi

Question 15

Components within an egg cell

Answer 15

• Layer of jelly coat
• Cytoplasm containing yolk (food)
• Haploid nucleus
• Cell surface membrane

Question 16

Where are egg cells/ova produced and made

Answer 16

They are first produced when the female is developing the uterus and are made in the ovaries

Question 17

Adaptive feature of jelly coat on egg cells

Answer 17

Prevents more than one sperm from entering the egg cell

Question 18

Adaptive feature of cytoplasm which contains food storage in egg cells

Answer 18

Helps develop the embryo when the egg is fertilised and it provides enough food until it becomes a placenta

Question 19

Sperm cell

Answer 19

Male gamete

Question 20

Components within a sperm cell

Answer 20

• Acrosome which contains digestive enzymes
• Haploid nucleus
• Collar which contains mitochondria
• Flagellum (tail)

Question 21

Adaptive feature of a long tail/flagellum of the sperm cell

Answer 21

Helps sperm to swim and propel the nucleus towards the egg cell

Question 22

Adaptive feature of mitochondria contained in the collar of a sperm cell

Answer 22

It produces a lot of energy (atp) which allows the sperm to ‘swim’

Question 23

Adaptive feature of the enzymes contained in the acrosomes of sperm cells

Answer 23

Helps to penetrate the jelly coat and get to the nucleus of the egg cell

Question 24

Haploid nucleus

Answer 24

Contains half the genetic information needed for the new zygote (23 chromosomes)

Question 25

Function of red blood cells (erythrocytes)

Answer 25

Transport oxygen from the lungs to all body cells

Question 26

Adaptive feature of iron haemoglobin in the RBC

Answer 26

Binds with oxygen in the lungs and carries the oxygen which is released to the body cells to be used for respiration

Question 27

Adaptive feature of the small size of RBC

Answer 27

They can pass through tiny capillaries

Question 28

Where are RBC produced

Answer 28

In the bone marrow

Question 29

Adaptive feature of having no nucleus in RBC

Answer 29

Frees up more room for haemoglobin and maximises the amount of oxygen that they can carry

Question 30

Adaptive feature of the biconcave/disc shaped of RBC

Answer 30

Gives them a large surface area to volume ratio which allows the cells to absorb oxygen easily

Question 31

Function of root hair cells

Answer 31

To absorb water and mineral ions from the soil

Question 32

Adaptive feature of long projections/extensions in the root hair cell

Answer 32

Increases the surface area that the plant can use to absorb water and minerals

Question 33

Adaptive feature of having no chloroplasts in root hair cells

Answer 33

There is no sunlight underground where the root hair cells are so they do not produce chloroplasts

Question 34

Function of palisade mesophyll cells

Answer 34

Layer of cells under the upper epidermal of a leaf, which carry out photosynthesis

Question 35

Adaptive feature of the tall shape of palisade mesophyll cells

Answer 35

Allows them to be packed tightly together near the surface of leaves so that they can absorb as much sunlight as possible

Question 36

Adaptive feature of many chloroplasts in palisade mesophyll cells

Answer 36

The most photosynthesis is carried out in these cells

Question 37

Magnification

Answer 37

How much bigger the object under the microscope appears

Question 38

1 millimetre =

Answer 38

1 x 10^-3m

Question 39

Name of the lens with the lowest magnification

Answer 39

Objective lenses

Question 40

Magnification equation

Answer 40

Magnification = image size/actual size

Question 41

When using a light microscope, what is used to give contrast to the features of the cells to make them visible?

Answer 41

A stain/dye

Question 42

Microscopes

Answer 42

Used to observe structures within cells (sub-cellular structures)

Question 43

Function of sperm and egg cells

Answer 43

Used for sexual production in animals

Question 44

Diffusion

Answer 44

The net movement of particles, from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration down a concentration gradient as a result of their random movement

Question 45

Factors that influence diffusion

Answer 45

- Surface area - Temp. - Concentration gradient - Diffusion distance

Question 46

Osmosis

Answer 46

The net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential (dilute solution) to a region of lower water potential (concentration solution) through a partially permeable membrane

Question 47

Where do substances move into and out of cells by diffusion and osmosis

Answer 47

Through the partially permeable cell membrane

Question 48

Relationship between a solution and the concentration of water molecules

Answer 48

A concentrated solution will have a lower concentration of water molecules therefore, the solution has a low water potential (vice versa)

Question 49

Plasmolysis

Answer 49

Water moving out of a leaf cell so the vacuole shrinks which causes the plant to wilt as the cell can no longer give support to the plant (cell is submerged in a hypertonic solution)

Question 50

Turgid

Answer 50

Water moving into a leaf cell then the vacuole pushes out (plump) against the cell wall so that the plant is now supported and standing upright

Question 51

What happens when water moves out of a red blood cell

Answer 51

The RBC becomes crenated

Question 52

What happens when water moves into a red blood cell

Answer 52

The RBC bursts

Question 53

Flaccid

Answer 53

Water moving out of a leaf cell so the cytoplasm reduces in volume therefore reducing the pressure on the cell wall (cell is submerged in a isotonic solution)

Question 54

Isotonic solution

Answer 54

When the water potential and solute concentration are the same both inside and outside the cell

Question 55

Hypertonic solution

Answer 55

When the environment outside the cell has a higher concentration of the solute than inside the cell (higher water potential inside the cell)

Question 56

Hypotonic solution

Answer 56

When the solution contains a lower solute conc. and a higher water potential than compared to the cell