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biology double award cie igcse > B2 cells > Flashcards

B2 cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Cytoplasm

A

A jelly like fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

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2
Q

DNA

A

Molecule that makes up the genetic material of cells which contains the instructions for making the cell and for all the cell’s functions

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3
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological catalysts: they speed up many of the reactions that happen in cells such as those involved in respiration

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4
Q

Cell membrane

A

A semi permeable structure, which controls what enters and leaves the cell

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5
Q

Animal cells contain…

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
  • Cytoplasm
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6
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genetic material and controls the cells activities

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7
Q

Mitochondria

A

The ‘powerhouses’ of the cell

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8
Q

Plant cells contain…

A
  • Permanent vacuole
  • Chloroplasts
  • Cell wall
  • Cell membrane
  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
  • Cytoplasm
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9
Q

Vacuole

A

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

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10
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Site of photosynthesis

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11
Q

Cell wall

A

A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell

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12
Q

Where are ciliated epithelia located

A

Lines the airways (trachea and bronchi)

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13
Q

Egg cell

A

Female gamete which is fertilised by a sperm cell to become a zygote (then embryo)

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14
Q

Function of ciliated epithelia

A

Moves mucus to the trachea and bronchi

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15
Q

Components within an egg cell

A
  • Layer of jelly coat
  • Cytoplasm containing yolk (food)
  • Haploid nucleus
  • Cell surface membrane
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16
Q

Where are egg cells/ova produced and made

A

They are first produced when the female is developing the uterus and are made in the ovaries

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17
Q

Adaptive feature of jelly coat on egg cells

A

Prevents more than one sperm from entering the egg cell

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18
Q

Adaptive feature of cytoplasm which contains food storage in egg cells

A

Helps develop the embryo when the egg is fertilised and it provides enough food until it becomes a placenta

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19
Q

Sperm cell

A

Male gamete

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20
Q

Components within a sperm cell

A
  • Acrosome which contains digestive enzymes
  • Haploid nucleus
  • Collar which contains mitochondria
  • Flagellum (tail)
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21
Q

Adaptive feature of a long tail/flagellum of the sperm cell

A

Helps sperm to swim and propel the nucleus towards the egg cell

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22
Q

Adaptive feature of mitochondria contained in the collar of a sperm cell

A

It produces a lot of energy (atp) which allows the sperm to ‘swim’

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23
Q

Adaptive feature of the enzymes contained in the acrosomes of sperm cells

A

Helps to penetrate the jelly coat and get to the nucleus of the egg cell

24
Q

Haploid nucleus

A

Contains half the genetic information needed for the new zygote (23 chromosomes)

25
Q

Function of red blood cells (erythrocytes)

A

Transport oxygen from the lungs to all body cells

26
Q

Adaptive feature of iron haemoglobin in the RBC

A

Binds with oxygen in the lungs and carries the oxygen which is released to the body cells to be used for respiration

27
Q

Adaptive feature of the small size of RBC

A

They can pass through tiny capillaries

28
Q

Where are RBC produced

A

In the bone marrow

29
Q

Adaptive feature of having no nucleus in RBC

A

Frees up more room for haemoglobin and maximises the amount of oxygen that they can carry

30
Q

Adaptive feature of the biconcave/disc shaped of RBC

A

Gives them a large surface area to volume ratio which allows the cells to absorb oxygen easily

31
Q

Function of root hair cells

A

To absorb water and mineral ions from the soil

32
Q

Adaptive feature of long projections/extensions in the root hair cell

A

Increases the surface area that the plant can use to absorb water and minerals

33
Q

Adaptive feature of having no chloroplasts in root hair cells

A

There is no sunlight underground where the root hair cells are so they do not produce chloroplasts

34
Q

Function of palisade mesophyll cells

A

Layer of cells under the upper epidermal of a leaf, which carry out photosynthesis

35
Q

Adaptive feature of the tall shape of palisade mesophyll cells

A

Allows them to be packed tightly together near the surface of leaves so that they can absorb as much sunlight as possible

36
Q

Adaptive feature of many chloroplasts in palisade mesophyll cells

A

The most photosynthesis is carried out in these cells

37
Q

Magnification

A

How much bigger the object under the microscope appears

38
Q

1 millimetre =

A

1 x 10^-3m

39
Q

Name of the lens with the lowest magnification

A

Objective lenses

40
Q

Magnification equation

A

Magnification = image size/actual size

41
Q

When using a light microscope, what is used to give contrast to the features of the cells to make them visible?

A

A stain/dye

42
Q

Microscopes

A

Used to observe structures within cells (sub-cellular structures)

43
Q

Function of sperm and egg cells

A

Used for sexual production in animals

44
Q

Diffusion

A

The net movement of particles, from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration down a concentration gradient as a result of their random movement

45
Q

Factors that influence diffusion

A
  • Surface area
  • Temp.
  • Concentration gradient
  • Diffusion distance
46
Q

Osmosis

A

The net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential (dilute solution) to a region of lower water potential (concentration solution) through a partially permeable membrane

47
Q

Where do substances move into and out of cells by diffusion and osmosis

A

Through the partially permeable cell membrane

48
Q

Relationship between a solution and the concentration of water molecules

A

A concentrated solution will have a lower concentration of water molecules therefore, the solution has a low water potential (vice versa)

49
Q

Plasmolysis

A

Water moving out of a leaf cell so the vacuole shrinks which causes the plant to wilt as the cell can no longer give support to the plant (cell is submerged in a hypertonic solution)

50
Q

Turgid

A

Water moving into a leaf cell then the vacuole pushes out (plump) against the cell wall so that the plant is now supported and standing upright

51
Q

What happens when water moves out of a red blood cell

A

The RBC becomes crenated

52
Q

What happens when water moves into a red blood cell

A

The RBC bursts

53
Q

Flaccid

A

Water moving out of a leaf cell so the cytoplasm reduces in volume therefore reducing the pressure on the cell wall (cell is submerged in a isotonic solution)

54
Q

Isotonic solution

A

When the water potential and solute concentration are the same both inside and outside the cell

55
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

When the environment outside the cell has a higher concentration of the solute than inside the cell (higher water potential inside the cell)

56
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

When the solution contains a lower solute conc. and a higher water potential than compared to the cell

biology double award cie igcse (13 decks)

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