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Biology > B2 Cell Specialisation > Flashcards

B2 Cell Specialisation Flashcards

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1
Q

How many molecules of oxygen can haemoglobin contain

A

Four oxygen molecules

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2
Q

When oxygen binds with haemoglobin it is called ……
When carbon dioxide binds it is called……

A

Oxyhemoglobin
Carboxyhaemglobin

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3
Q

What three things do red blood cells lack and why?

A

Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondria

Why?
Larger space for haemoglobin
More efficient transport of oxygen

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4
Q

What shape is a red blood cell and why is it this shape ??

A

Biconcave
A large surface area to volume ratio

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5
Q

Why are red blood cells flexible??

A

Able to squeeze along narrow capillaries
Haemoglobin molecules are close to the cell membrane
Shorter diffusion distance of oxygen to the haemoglobin
Increased rate of diffusion across the cell membrane

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6
Q

Why does a red blood cell have a thin membrane ?

A

Short diffusion pathway for oxygen and carbon dioxide
Gives cell flexibility

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7
Q

What is a sperm cell and how many chromosomes does it contain?

A

A male gamete
23 chromosomes

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8
Q

What is the head of the sperm cell called and what does it contain ?

A

Acrosome
Contains enzymes that help digest a path through the outer membrane of an egg cell

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9
Q

What is in the mid section of a sperm and what does it do ??

A

Contains many mitochondria
The site of respiration
Provides energy to the cell to swim

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10
Q

What is the tail of a sperm cell called and what is it used for??

A

Undulipodium
Gives the cell motility to deliver genetic information to the cell

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11
Q

What is an egg cell called and how many chromosomes does it contain ?

A

Ovum
Contains 23 chromosomes

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12
Q

What does an egg cell contain ?

A

Large cytoplasm
Organelles
An energy store

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13
Q

What is the outer membrane of an egg called and what are its functions?

A

Zona pellucida

Hardens once the egg has been fertilised
Stops more than one sperm from entering

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14
Q

Why does the egg cell have a lot of mitochondria??

A

Increased respiration for energy
Energy can be used for cell division, growth, protein synthesis

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15
Q

What is the outer protective layer of an egg called and what are its functions?

A

Called the corona radiata
Supplies proteins to the egg once it has been fertilised

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16
Q

The palisade mesophyll is a major site of….

A

Photosynthesis

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17
Q

What shape are palisade mesophyll?

A

Cylindrical and are right angles to the epidermis of the leaf

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18
Q

In a palisade mesophyll The cells are ……. Together and the gaps between them are to circulate……
And why?

A

Close
Air
Necessary for gas exchange

19
Q

In a palisade mesophyll the cell walls are made up of what and why?

A

Made up of thin, transparent cellulose walls
Gas diffusion is made easier

20
Q

why do Palisade mesophyll have a large surface area ?

A

Helps increase the rate of photosynthesis
Receives More sunlight
Makes the cell turgid
Pushes chloroplasts to the edge of the cell
Short diffusion distance for CO2 to get to the chloroplast

21
Q

What is the function of a root hair cell??

A

Absorb water from the soil to use for photosynthesis and other reactions
Absorb minerals from the soil

22
Q

Name all the structures in a root hair cell

A

Mitochondria
Thin cell wall
Long hair like extensions
No chloroplasts
Membrane permeability

23
Q

Why is the mitochondria needed ?

A

For active transport of solutes into the cell sap to lower water potential

24
Q

Why do root hair cells have a thin cell wall?

A

Shirt diffusion pathway for water and mineral ions

25
Q

Why do root hair cells have long hair like extensions ??

A

Increases surface area for absorption of water

26
Q

Why don’t root hair cells have chloroplasts

A

Not needed and gives more room for water storage and mitochondria

27
Q

Why do root hair cells have a membrane permeability

A

Selectively permeable to allow water molecules to enter easily fire this by possessing channels

28
Q

Where are white blood cells produced ?

A

Bone marrow

29
Q

What is the function of a white blood cell ?

A

To fight against infection/ cancer

30
Q

True or false
All cells have antigens

A

True

31
Q

Why don’t our white blood cells attack our own cells??

A

This is bc our cells have antigens attached to them known as self antigens

32
Q

If our white blood cells do start attacking our own body what can this lead to?

A

An autoimmune disease where the body fails to recognise its own cells and attacks them

33
Q

Where are T cells produced in where di they mature and what are they involved in?

A

Bone marrow
Thymus
Specific immunity

34
Q

How do T cells work??

A

They detect cancerous cells or pathogens with an antigen receptor

35
Q

What are the three types of T cells and what do they do??

A
  • helper - release cytotoxins that help regulate other white blood cells
  • cytotoxic - these release toxins to kill pathogens and cancerous cells

-Memory cells - respond more quickly to a particular pathogen if it was to encounter it again

36
Q

What are the two types of B cells?

A

Plasma cells
Memory cells

37
Q

What will the specific B cell divide into if there was a specific infection

A

Plasma cells

38
Q

What do plasma cells produce

A

They produce antibodies specific to the antigen

39
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

They don’t kill pathogens but they clump them all together making it easier for T cells and other white blood cells to find and destroy them

40
Q

What do B cells do to a virus

A

Bind to the virus and prevent them from entering a cell

41
Q

What is the most common type of white blood cell called and what is it involved in?

A

Neutrophils
Non specific immunity

42
Q

What do neutrophils do and where are they produced?

A

They destroy invading microorganisms but do not give long term immunity
Produced in the bone marrow

43
Q

Describe the structure of the neutrophils

A

Multi lobed shape in their nucleus
Flexible
Can squeeze through pores in the capillaries
They contain a lot of lysosomes which have enzymes and these are used to destroy pathogens that have been engulfed

44
Q

What do neutrophils do in time of an infection

A

Special chemicals alert nature neutrophils through a person known as chemo taxis
They leave the bone marrow and travel through the blood stream

Biology (2 decks)

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