B2 - Cell Division [double check] Flashcards

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1
Q

What is inside of cells? (down to genetic info.)

A

Cells ⇾ nucleus ⇾ chromosomes (46!) ⇾ DNA ⇾ genes ⇾ genetic info

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2
Q

What are the 3 stages of the cell cycle?

A

stage 1 - replication, stage 2 - mitosis, stage 3 - true division

NOT the actual titles for the stages and therefore not to be used in the actual test.

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3
Q

What happens in stage 1 of the cell cycle?

A
  • The cells grow bigger, increase mass and continue as normal.
  • They also replicate their DNA to form two copies of each chromosome ready for cell division.
  • They also increase the number of sub-cellular structures
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4
Q

What happens during stage 2 (mitosis) of the cell cycle?

A

One set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the dividing cell and the nucleus divides.

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5
Q

What happens during stage 3 of the cell cycle?

A

Cytoplasm and the cell membranes also divide to form 2 identical daughter cells.

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6
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Cell specialisation (adapting to perform specific functions, etc.)

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7
Q

Differentiated cells come from what?

A

Stem cells (in animals there are two types -> embryonic and adult)

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8
Q

What can embryonic stem cells differentiate into?

A

Any type of stem cell.

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9
Q

What can adult stem cells differentiate into?

A

A limited few (red blood and skin cells).

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10
Q

When are plants able to differentiate?

A

Throughout life. Every cell can re-differentiate into a different type of a cell. Plants are consistently occuring.

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11
Q

Where are undifferentiated cells formed?

A

Meristems (stems and roots of the plant).

This means you can clone a plant cutting almost anywhere on the plant.

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12
Q

What are stem cells used for in humans?

Give examples if you can.

A

Medical treatments.
Examples include…
- Growing new organs
- Treating blood diseases by making healthy cells
- Skin diseases
etc…

This can only be done using embryonic stem cells.

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13
Q

What are some cons of stem cells?

A

Embryonic:
- Medical trails are new (so not very reputable)
- To harvest embryonic stem cells, you have to destroy an embryo (which there are some ethical/religious concerns with that)
- It’s fairly hard to force stem cells to differentiate into a certain type of cell
- There are concerns they could be cancer causing (due to the rate at which they differentiate)

Adult:
- They could be infected
- If the stem cells aren’t from the patient, they require immunosuppressants.

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14
Q

Where are embryonic stem cells found?

A

Newborns’ blood & amniotic sac fluid

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15
Q

What is therapeutic cloning?

A

Taking the person’s own DNA/Stem cells to culture an embryo and harvest those embryonic stem cells for medical treatment (destroying the risk of rejection).

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