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Biology ☆☆ > B1 - Cell Structure and Transport > Flashcards

B1 - Cell Structure and Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

How to convert millimeters to micrometers?

A

x1000

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2
Q

How to convert micrometers to nanometers?

A

x1000

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3
Q

Attributes of a light microscope?

A
  • Up to 2000x magnification
  • 17th century developed
  • cheapest type of microscope
  • Used to look at cells
  • Low res
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4
Q

Attributes of an electron microscope:

A
  • 2,000,000x magnification
  • Developed in the 1930s
  • Use a beam of electrons to form images
  • Very large, high res
  • Very expensive
  • Must be kept in specific conditions
  • Often used to examine dead/non-living specimens, unless specimen is an extremophile
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5
Q

How do you calculate the real size of the specimen?

A

Image size / Magnification

I / M = RS

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6
Q

Name 4 structures within the animal cell that is also in the plant/palisade cell?

A
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
  • Ribosomes
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7
Q

What do palisade cells have that animal cells don’t?

A
  • Chloroplast
  • (Sap) vacuole
  • (Cellulose) cell wall
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8
Q

Name 3 types of eukaryotic cells.

A

Animal cells, palisade cells and algae (single-celled!)

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9
Q

Is bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic.

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10
Q

What do all 4 types of cells (animal, algae, palisade and bacteria) have in common?

A
  • Ribosomes
  • Cell wall
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11
Q

Attributes of bacteria cells?

A
  • Prokaryotic
  • Sometimes have flagella/flagellum
  • Cell wall
  • Sometimes have plasmids (small rings of DNA)
  • DNA loop
  • Sometimes have slime capsule
  • Ribosomes
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12
Q

List the specialised cells of plants.

A
  • Palisade cells
  • Xylem
  • Phloem
  • Root hair cells
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13
Q

Attributes of palisade cells?

What are they, what do they include and what are their function?

A

They’re leaf cells.
They’re organelles and have…
- Cell walls
- Mitochondria
- Ribosomes
- Chloroplasts
- Nucleus
- Cytoplasm
- Cell membrane
- Large sap vacuole

They carry out photosynthesis.

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14
Q

Attributes of xylem?

A
  • Hollow
  • Dead cells
  • Original cell walls are broken down -> thickened with lignin

They carry mineral ions & water throughout the plant.

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15
Q

Attributes of phloem?

A
  • Made of living cells (joined end to end)
  • At the end of each living cell there sieve plates (holes)
    ^ allows a continuous path of travel for dissolved amino acids and sugars
  • Is a companion cell with lots of mitochondria to provide energy for the translocation (active transport) of amino acids + dissolved sugars taking place

Carries out translocation.

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16
Q

Attributes of root hair cells?

What do they have and what is their function?

A

They contain…
- mitochondria
- nucleus
- cytoplasm
- ribosomes
- cell membrane
- cell wall (thinner than most - decreases diffusion distance)
- vacuole (maintains larger concentration gradient)
- root hair (extension of the cytoplasm to increase surface area)

Carries out the absorption of water (osmosis) and mineral ions (active transport) from soil.

17
Q

List the specialised cells of animals.

A
  • Sperm cells
  • Muscle cells
  • Nerve cells
18
Q

Attributes of sperm cells?

A
  • Whip-tail
  • Mitochondria
  • Acrosome -> digestive enzymes to eat through the egg cell’s outer layer
  • Large nucleus
  • Gamete cell

It is the paternal reproductive sex-cell.

19
Q

Attributes of muscle cells?

A
  • Special proteins slide over each other (fibres can contract)
  • Lots of mitochondria
  • Nucleus
  • Can store glycogen once it’s broken down and it’s used for energy release by mitochondria
20
Q

Attributes of nerve cells?

A
  • Dendrites to connect to other nerve cells
  • Lots of mitochondria -> energy for chemical transmitters
  • Long axon to carry electrical impulses from one part of the body to another
  • Synapses at the end of the cell to pass impulse on to other nerve cells

Nerve cells behave as a rapid-fire communication system between the brain and the body.

21
Q

What is concentration?

A

The number of particles in a given area.

22
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The net movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration?

23
Q

Which substances move in and out of cells via diffusion (via the cell membrane)?

A

Oxygen, glucose, CO2, urea and more.

24
Q

Factors affecting the rate of diffusion?

A
  • Concentration gradient
  • Temperature
  • Surface area
  • Diffusion distance
25
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The net movement of water particles across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

26
Q

Does passive transport require energy?

Passive transport contains osmosis and diffusion.

A

No.

27
Q

Definition of hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic?

A

Hypertonic - high relative solute concentration
Hypotonic - low relative solute concentration
Isotonic - of equal solute concentration

In osmosis, water moves from the hypotonic to the hypertonic area.

28
Q

How do root hair cells absorb water?

A
  • Hypertonic to soil
  • Water from soil moves to the roots and enters via osmosis
29
Q

Where does osmosis and diffusion take place?

A
  • Root hair cells
  • In the human body (intestines, lots of villi facilitate osmosis, etc.)
  • Gas exchange in lungs
30
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of particles from a low concentration to a high concentration. Reqs energy.

31
Q

Where does active transport take place?

A

Phloem, blood cells, digestion, etc.

32
Q

Does the surface area:volume ratio rise or fall as the object gets bigger?

A

It falls, meaning diffusion distances are short.

33
Q

Name 4 adaptations for exchanging materials:

A
  1. Having a large surface area over which exchange can take place
  2. Having a thin membrane/just being thin to provide a short diffusion path
  3. In animals, having an efficient blood supply moves the diffusing substances away from the exchange surfaces and maintains a steep concentration (diffusion) gradient
  4. In animals, being ventilated makes gas exchange more efficient by maintaining steep concentration gradients
34
Q

Please go label a bacterial cell and a typical eukaryotic cell <3

A

Thanks! You’re helping yourself.

Biology ☆☆ (4 decks)

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