Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Science > B2 > Flashcards

B2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the features of an animal cell?

A 
Cell Membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the extra features that plant cells have?

A

Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Vacuole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the job of the Nucleus?

A

Contains the genetic information to control the activities of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the job of the Cytoplasm?

A

Where all of the chemical reactions happen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the job of the Cell Membrane?

A

Controls what goes in and out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the job of the Mitochondria?

A

Releasing energy through respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the job of the Ribosomes?

A

Where protein synthesis takes place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the job of the Cell wall?

A

Gives the cell strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the job of the Chloroplasts?

A

The sight of photosynthesis

Makes the plant green (green pigment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the job of the Vacuole?

A

Where cell sap is stored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a yeast cell?

A

A fungus

A single-celled organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the features of a yeast cell?

A

Cell wall
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a bacterial cell?

A

A single-celled organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the features of a bacterial cell?

A

Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
Genetic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The random spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where does diffusion happen?

A

Solutions

Gasses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The bigger the difference in concentration, the ______ the diffusion rate.

A

Faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do dissolved substances move in and out of a plant?

A

By diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What can diffuse through a plants cell membrane?

A

Oxygen (respiration)
Glucose
Amino acids
Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How have palisade leaf cells adapted for photosynthesis?

A

Lots of chlorplasts

More chloroplasts at the top- nearer light

Tall shape- big surface area exposed for absorbing CO2

Thin shape- To pack lots at the top of a leaf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How have guard cells adapted?

A

Kidney shape- which opens and closes the stomata (pores)

The guard cell goes plump and turgid when filled with lots of water- Stomata opens so gases are exchanged for photosynthesis.

Lose water and become flaccid- when plant is short of water- Stomata closes so water vapour doesn’t escape.

Thin outer walls and thickened inner walls- So the opening and closing works.

Sensitive to light, Close at night- to save water without losing out on photosynthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are guard cells for?

A

Allowing gas exchange

Controlling water loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are red blood cells a concave shape?

A

To give it a big surface area for absorbing oxygen

So they can pass smoothly through the capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is haemoglobin for in red blood cells?

A

Absorbing oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Do red blood cells have a nucleus?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are sperm and egg cells?

A

Specialist cells for reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the main functions of an egg cell?

A

Carry female DNA

Nourish the developing embryo in the early stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What happens when a sperm fuses with an egg?

A

The eggs membrane changes its structure- stops other sperm getting in so the offspring has the right amount of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the function of a sperm cell?

A

to get the male DNA to the female DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the features of a sperm cell?

A

Long tail and streamlined head to help it swim

Mitochondria to provide the energy needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Why do sperm carry enzymes in their heads?

A

To digest through the egg cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the process in which cells become specialised for a particular job?

A

Differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are large multi cellular organisms?

A

Organisms made up of organ systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

When does differentiation occur?

A

During the development of a multicellular organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What do a group of specialist cells form?

A

Tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does a group of tissues form?

A

Organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What do a group of organs form?

A

Organ systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a paritculair function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are some tissues in the human body?

A

Muscular
Glandular
Epithelial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What do muscle tissues do?

A

Contract to move what it is attached to e.g the arm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the job of glandular tissues?

A

To make and secrete chemicals such as enzymes and hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the job of epithielial tissues?

A

Covers some parts of the body e.g. the inside of the gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

the stomach is and organ made up of what tissues?

A

Muscular
Glandular
Epithelial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the job of the muscular tissue in the stomach?

A

Moves the stomach wall to churn up food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the job of the glandular tissue in the stomach?

A

Makes digestive juices to digest food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the job of the epithelial tissue in the stomach?

A

Covers the outside and inside of the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group organs working together to perform a particular function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

One example of an organ system

A

Digestive system- Breaks down food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the digestive system made up of?

A 
Glands
The Stomach
The liver
The Small intestine
The Large intestine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are the organs that make up a plant?

A

Stem
Roots
Leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What happens in the mesophyll tissue?

A

Photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is the job of the xylem and phloem?

A

They transport water, mineral ions and sucrose around the plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is the job of the Epidermal tissue?

A

Covers the whole plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is the job of the roots?

A

Anchor the plant into the ground so it doesn’t fall over

Absorb water and mineral ions from the soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is the job of the stem?

A

Transports water, mineral ions and nutrients around the plant

Holds up the flowers for reproduction and the leaves towards light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is the job of the leaves?

A

To take in light needed for photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

A chemical reaction plants use to make glucose (food) using sunlight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

Light
Carbon Dioxide + Water —————-> Glucose + Oxygen
Chlorophyll

60
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

In the chloroplasts

61
Q

Why do chloroplasts contain chlorophyll?

A

Absorbs sunlight

Uses its energy to Carbon dioxide and water into glucose

62
Q

What is the by-product of photosynthesis?

A

Oxygen

63
Q

What factors effect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Light intensity
The volume of CO2
Temperature

64
Q

What is a limiting factor?

A

Something that stops photosynthesis from happening

65
Q

What does light provide for photosynthesis?

A

Energy

66
Q

How can you artificially create the ideal conditions for farming?

A

Using a greenhouse

67
Q

How do plants use glucose?

A 
Respiration
Make cell walls
Making proteins
Store in seeds 
Store as starch
68
Q

What is cellulose?

A

A substance converted from glucose to make cell walls

69
Q

What are lipids?

A

Fats and oils stored in seeds.

70
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

The thing you change

71
Q

What is the dependent variable?

A

The thing you measure

72
Q

What is the control variable?

A

The variable you keep the same

73
Q

What affects the population of plants?

A

Temperature
Availability of nutrients
Water CO2
Amount of light

74
Q

What is the distribution of organisms?

A

How members of a population are spread out

75
Q

Why are plants randomly distributed in their habitat?

A

To avoid competition for resources

76
Q

What is a quadrat?

A

A square grid with an area of one square metre

77
Q

How do you use a quadrat?

A

Place it in an area

Count the numbers of different species

78
Q

What is the job of enzymes?

A

Build up and break down proteins

79
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up

80
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst

A protein that speeds up a reaction

81
Q

What is a protein?

A

A long chain of amino acids that coils into a ball shape

82
Q

What are proteins used for?

A

Antibodies
Heamoglobin
Enzymes

83
Q

One way a protein can become denatured

A

If the temperature becomes too hot

84
Q

What is a substrate?

A

A chemical that an enzyme can work on

85
Q

What do digestive enzymes do?

A

Break down large molecules into smaller molecules e.g. Starch into Glucose

86
Q

What does Amylase do?

A

Breaks down starch into sugar

87
Q

What does Protease do?

A

Breaks doen protein into amino acids

88
Q

What does Lipase do?

A

Breaks down fat into glycerol and fatty acid

89
Q

What is the job of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

A

Kills bacteria on food

provides the right conditions for digestive enzymes

90
Q

What is the job of bile salts in the stomach?

A

Break down or emulsifies fats

91
Q

What is denaturation?

A

When an enzyme changes shape and the active site can no longer fit a substrate.

92
Q

Why are enzymes used in washing powder?

A

To kill bacteria on clothes

93
Q

Why are enzymes used in baby foods?

A

To break down proteins (proteases)

94
Q

What is the equation for respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + Water + energy

95
Q

What is respiration?

A

The process which releases energy from glucose.

96
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose = Lactic acid + energy

97
Q

What does lactic acid do?

A

Cause your muscles to become fatigued

98
Q

What does anaerobic mean?

A

A chemical reaction without oxygen

99
Q

What is oxygen dept?

A

When your body uses oxygen to convert lactic acid back into glucose

100
Q

What is mitosis?

A

When cells divide to replicate themselves and make an exact copy of their DNA

101
Q

What type of cells divide using mitosis?

A

Normal, somatic cells

102
Q

Why do cells divide by mitosis?

A

Growth
Repair
Replacing damaged cells

103
Q

What are gametes?

A

A gamete is a sex cell
Sperm + egg
Pollen + Ovules

104
Q

How are gametes made?

A

They are made during meiosis

105
Q

How much DNA does a gamete hold?

A

Half the DNA
23 pairs
(Haploid- n)

106
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A diploid- 2n

107
Q

How much DNA does a zygote hold?

A

Two sets of chromosomes

46 pairs

108
Q

What type of cell divides by mitosis?

A

Bacteria- Asexual reproduction

109
Q

What is chaismata?

A

The crossover / sharing of genes/ DNA- Variation

110
Q

What is Cystic Fibrosis?

A

A genetic disease that is caused by a recessive faulty gene

111
Q

What are the effects of Cystic Fibrosis?

A

Too much mucus in the lungs, unless removed can lead to chest infections.

112
Q

What type of disease is Polydactyly?

A

Dominant

113
Q

What is embryonic screening used for?

A

Identifying inherited diseases e.g. Cancer, Cystic Fibrosis

Identify % risks of disease

114
Q

What is DNA fingerprinting used for?

A

Identifying + linking suspects to DNA evidence

Profiling

115
Q

How is a fossil formed?

A

Organism dies- falls to the bottom of the sea

Sediment falls on top- forming layers

More and more layers form after millions of years

Bones are replaced by minerals

Minerals harden- form and imprint

Fossil is formed

116
Q

What does extinction mean?

A

When all of a species dies and has a population of 0

117
Q

Some examples of extinct animals

A

Wooly mammoth
Dodo
Dinosaurs
Sabre tooth tiger

118
Q

What does endangered mean?

A

When a species is in danger of becoming extinct.

119
Q

What causes extinction?

A 
Natural competition
Predators
Disease
Changes to environment 
Natural Disasters
120
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Long molecules of DNA

121
Q

What are genes?

A

A section od DNA

122
Q

Which cells can turn into any type of cell?

A

Embryonic stem cells

123
Q

How can stem cells be used?

A

Bone marrow transplants

Replace faulty cells

124
Q

What are some reasons people are against stem cell research?

A

The embryos are all potential life

The feel that doctors should concentrate on developing other sources of stem cells

125
Q

Which chromosomes do men have?

A

X + Y

126
Q

Which chromosomes do women have?

A

X + X

127
Q

What is the probability that a baby will be a boy?

A

50:50

50%

128
Q

What is the probability that a baby will be a girl?

A

50:50

50%

129
Q

Who way Gregor Mendel?

A

The founder of genetics

130
Q

What were the three conclusions Mendel reached?

A

The characteristics of plants were determined by genes

Genes are passed on from both parents, one from each parent

Genes can be dominant or recessive

131
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different versions of the same gene

132
Q

Describe HOMOZYGOUS

A

When an organism has two of the same alleles of a gene

133
Q

Describe HETEROZYGOUS

A

hen an organism has two different alleles of a gene

134
Q

A dominant allele is shown with a ______ letter.

A

Capital

135
Q

A recessive allele is shown with a _____ letter.

A

Small

136
Q

What type of allele causes Cystic fibrosis?

A

A recessive allele- f

137
Q

What would a person with Ff allele be called?

A

A carrier

138
Q

Does someone with the ff allele have Cystic fibrosis?

A

Yes

139
Q

What type of allele causes Polydactyly?

A

Dominant- D

140
Q

Will the person with a Dd allele suffer with Polydactyly?

A

Yes

141
Q

What is embryo screening?

A

When cells from the embryos that will be used in IVF are removed to analyse their genes to detect any genetic disorders

The good alleles will be implanted into the womb

142
Q

What are some of the arguments against embryo screening?

A

The ‘bad’ embryos are destroyed- they could have developed into humans

It implies people with genetic problems are undesirable

Screening is expensive

143
Q

What are some of the arguments for embryo screening?

A

It will help to stop people suffering

There are laws to stop it being used for the wrong reasons e.g. selecting the sex of a baby

Screening allows the selected embryo to be healthy

144
Q

What is speciation?

A

The development of a new species

145
Q

What is isolation?

A

when populations of a species become separated

146
Q

What can cause speciation?

A

Isolation

Natural selection

147
Q

Why does speciation occur?

A

Because populations become so different they can no longer breed to produce fertile offspring

Science (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions