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B2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the features of an animal cell?

A 
Cell Membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
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2
Q

What are the extra features that plant cells have?

A

Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Vacuole

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3
Q

What is the job of the Nucleus?

A

Contains the genetic information to control the activities of the cell

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4
Q

What is the job of the Cytoplasm?

A

Where all of the chemical reactions happen

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5
Q

What is the job of the Cell Membrane?

A

Controls what goes in and out

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6
Q

What is the job of the Mitochondria?

A

Releasing energy through respiration

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7
Q

What is the job of the Ribosomes?

A

Where protein synthesis takes place

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8
Q

What is the job of the Cell wall?

A

Gives the cell strength

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9
Q

What is the job of the Chloroplasts?

A

The sight of photosynthesis

Makes the plant green (green pigment)

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10
Q

What is the job of the Vacuole?

A

Where cell sap is stored

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11
Q

What is a yeast cell?

A

A fungus

A single-celled organism

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12
Q

What are the features of a yeast cell?

A

Cell wall
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

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13
Q

What is a bacterial cell?

A

A single-celled organism

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14
Q

What are the features of a bacterial cell?

A

Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
Genetic material

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15
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The random spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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16
Q

Where does diffusion happen?

A

Solutions

Gasses

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17
Q

The bigger the difference in concentration, the ______ the diffusion rate.

A

Faster

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18
Q

How do dissolved substances move in and out of a plant?

A

By diffusion

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19
Q

What can diffuse through a plants cell membrane?

A

Oxygen (respiration)
Glucose
Amino acids
Water

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20
Q

How have palisade leaf cells adapted for photosynthesis?

A

Lots of chlorplasts

More chloroplasts at the top- nearer light

Tall shape- big surface area exposed for absorbing CO2

Thin shape- To pack lots at the top of a leaf

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21
Q

How have guard cells adapted?

A

Kidney shape- which opens and closes the stomata (pores)

The guard cell goes plump and turgid when filled with lots of water- Stomata opens so gases are exchanged for photosynthesis.

Lose water and become flaccid- when plant is short of water- Stomata closes so water vapour doesn’t escape.

Thin outer walls and thickened inner walls- So the opening and closing works.

Sensitive to light, Close at night- to save water without losing out on photosynthesis.

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22
Q

What are guard cells for?

A

Allowing gas exchange

Controlling water loss

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23
Q

What are red blood cells a concave shape?

A

To give it a big surface area for absorbing oxygen

So they can pass smoothly through the capillaries

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24
Q

What is haemoglobin for in red blood cells?

A

Absorbing oxygen

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25
Q

Do red blood cells have a nucleus?

A

No

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26
Q

What are sperm and egg cells?

A

Specialist cells for reproduction

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27
Q

What are the main functions of an egg cell?

A

Carry female DNA

Nourish the developing embryo in the early stages

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28
Q

What happens when a sperm fuses with an egg?

A

The eggs membrane changes its structure- stops other sperm getting in so the offspring has the right amount of DNA

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29
Q

What is the function of a sperm cell?

A

to get the male DNA to the female DNA

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30
Q

What are the features of a sperm cell?

A

Long tail and streamlined head to help it swim

Mitochondria to provide the energy needed

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31
Q

Why do sperm carry enzymes in their heads?

A

To digest through the egg cell membrane

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32
Q

What is the process in which cells become specialised for a particular job?

A

Differentiation

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33
Q

What are large multi cellular organisms?

A

Organisms made up of organ systems

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34
Q

When does differentiation occur?

A

During the development of a multicellular organism

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35
Q

What do a group of specialist cells form?

A

Tissues

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36
Q

What does a group of tissues form?

A

Organs

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37
Q

What do a group of organs form?

A

Organ systems

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38
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a paritculair function

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39
Q

What are some tissues in the human body?

A

Muscular
Glandular
Epithelial

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40
Q

What do muscle tissues do?

A

Contract to move what it is attached to e.g the arm

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41
Q

What is the job of glandular tissues?

A

To make and secrete chemicals such as enzymes and hormones

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42
Q

What is the job of epithielial tissues?

A

Covers some parts of the body e.g. the inside of the gut

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43
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function

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44
Q

the stomach is and organ made up of what tissues?

A

Muscular
Glandular
Epithelial

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45
Q

What is the job of the muscular tissue in the stomach?

A

Moves the stomach wall to churn up food

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46
Q

What is the job of the glandular tissue in the stomach?

A

Makes digestive juices to digest food

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47
Q

What is the job of the epithelial tissue in the stomach?

A

Covers the outside and inside of the stomach

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48
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group organs working together to perform a particular function

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49
Q

One example of an organ system

A

Digestive system- Breaks down food

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50
Q

What is the digestive system made up of?

A 
Glands
The Stomach
The liver
The Small intestine
The Large intestine
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51
Q

What are the organs that make up a plant?

A

Stem
Roots
Leaves

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52
Q

What happens in the mesophyll tissue?

A

Photosynthesis

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53
Q

What is the job of the xylem and phloem?

A

They transport water, mineral ions and sucrose around the plant

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54
Q

What is the job of the Epidermal tissue?

A

Covers the whole plant

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55
Q

What is the job of the roots?

A

Anchor the plant into the ground so it doesn’t fall over

Absorb water and mineral ions from the soil

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56
Q

What is the job of the stem?

A

Transports water, mineral ions and nutrients around the plant

Holds up the flowers for reproduction and the leaves towards light

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57
Q

What is the job of the leaves?

A

To take in light needed for photosynthesis

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58
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

A chemical reaction plants use to make glucose (food) using sunlight

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59
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

Light
Carbon Dioxide + Water —————-> Glucose + Oxygen
Chlorophyll

60
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

In the chloroplasts

61
Q

Why do chloroplasts contain chlorophyll?

A

Absorbs sunlight

Uses its energy to Carbon dioxide and water into glucose

62
Q

What is the by-product of photosynthesis?

63
Q

What factors effect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Light intensity
The volume of CO2
Temperature

64
Q

What is a limiting factor?

A

Something that stops photosynthesis from happening

65
Q

What does light provide for photosynthesis?

66
Q

How can you artificially create the ideal conditions for farming?

A

Using a greenhouse

67
Q

How do plants use glucose?

A 
Respiration
Make cell walls
Making proteins
Store in seeds 
Store as starch
68
Q

What is cellulose?

A

A substance converted from glucose to make cell walls

69
Q

What are lipids?

A

Fats and oils stored in seeds.

70
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

The thing you change

71
Q

What is the dependent variable?

A

The thing you measure

72
Q

What is the control variable?

A

The variable you keep the same

73
Q

What affects the population of plants?

A

Temperature
Availability of nutrients
Water CO2
Amount of light

74
Q

What is the distribution of organisms?

A

How members of a population are spread out

75
Q

Why are plants randomly distributed in their habitat?

A

To avoid competition for resources

76
Q

What is a quadrat?

A

A square grid with an area of one square metre

77
Q

How do you use a quadrat?

A

Place it in an area

Count the numbers of different species

78
Q

What is the job of enzymes?

A

Build up and break down proteins

79
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up

80
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst

A protein that speeds up a reaction

81
Q

What is a protein?

A

A long chain of amino acids that coils into a ball shape

82
Q

What are proteins used for?

A

Antibodies
Heamoglobin
Enzymes

83
Q

One way a protein can become denatured

A

If the temperature becomes too hot

84
Q

What is a substrate?

A

A chemical that an enzyme can work on

85
Q

What do digestive enzymes do?

A

Break down large molecules into smaller molecules e.g. Starch into Glucose

86
Q

What does Amylase do?

A

Breaks down starch into sugar

87
Q

What does Protease do?

A

Breaks doen protein into amino acids

88
Q

What does Lipase do?

A

Breaks down fat into glycerol and fatty acid

89
Q

What is the job of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

A

Kills bacteria on food

provides the right conditions for digestive enzymes

90
Q

What is the job of bile salts in the stomach?

A

Break down or emulsifies fats

91
Q

What is denaturation?

A

When an enzyme changes shape and the active site can no longer fit a substrate.

92
Q

Why are enzymes used in washing powder?

A

To kill bacteria on clothes

93
Q

Why are enzymes used in baby foods?

A

To break down proteins (proteases)

94
Q

What is the equation for respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + Water + energy

95
Q

What is respiration?

A

The process which releases energy from glucose.

96
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose = Lactic acid + energy

97
Q

What does lactic acid do?

A

Cause your muscles to become fatigued

98
Q

What does anaerobic mean?

A

A chemical reaction without oxygen

99
Q

What is oxygen dept?

A

When your body uses oxygen to convert lactic acid back into glucose

100
Q

What is mitosis?

A

When cells divide to replicate themselves and make an exact copy of their DNA

101
Q

What type of cells divide using mitosis?

A

Normal, somatic cells

102
Q

Why do cells divide by mitosis?

A

Growth
Repair
Replacing damaged cells

103
Q

What are gametes?

A

A gamete is a sex cell
Sperm + egg
Pollen + Ovules

104
Q

How are gametes made?

A

They are made during meiosis

105
Q

How much DNA does a gamete hold?

A

Half the DNA
23 pairs
(Haploid- n)

106
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A diploid- 2n

107
Q

How much DNA does a zygote hold?

A

Two sets of chromosomes

46 pairs

108
Q

What type of cell divides by mitosis?

A

Bacteria- Asexual reproduction

109
Q

What is chaismata?

A

The crossover / sharing of genes/ DNA- Variation

110
Q

What is Cystic Fibrosis?

A

A genetic disease that is caused by a recessive faulty gene

111
Q

What are the effects of Cystic Fibrosis?

A

Too much mucus in the lungs, unless removed can lead to chest infections.

112
Q

What type of disease is Polydactyly?

113
Q

What is embryonic screening used for?

A

Identifying inherited diseases e.g. Cancer, Cystic Fibrosis

Identify % risks of disease

114
Q

What is DNA fingerprinting used for?

A

Identifying + linking suspects to DNA evidence

Profiling

115
Q

How is a fossil formed?

A

Organism dies- falls to the bottom of the sea

Sediment falls on top- forming layers

More and more layers form after millions of years

Bones are replaced by minerals

Minerals harden- form and imprint

Fossil is formed

116
Q

What does extinction mean?

A

When all of a species dies and has a population of 0

117
Q

Some examples of extinct animals

A

Wooly mammoth
Dodo
Dinosaurs
Sabre tooth tiger

118
Q

What does endangered mean?

A

When a species is in danger of becoming extinct.

119
Q

What causes extinction?

A 
Natural competition
Predators
Disease
Changes to environment 
Natural Disasters
120
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Long molecules of DNA

121
Q

What are genes?

A

A section od DNA

122
Q

Which cells can turn into any type of cell?

A

Embryonic stem cells

123
Q

How can stem cells be used?

A

Bone marrow transplants

Replace faulty cells

124
Q

What are some reasons people are against stem cell research?

A

The embryos are all potential life

The feel that doctors should concentrate on developing other sources of stem cells

125
Q

Which chromosomes do men have?

126
Q

Which chromosomes do women have?

127
Q

What is the probability that a baby will be a boy?

128
Q

What is the probability that a baby will be a girl?

129
Q

Who way Gregor Mendel?

A

The founder of genetics

130
Q

What were the three conclusions Mendel reached?

A

The characteristics of plants were determined by genes

Genes are passed on from both parents, one from each parent

Genes can be dominant or recessive

131
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different versions of the same gene

132
Q

Describe HOMOZYGOUS

A

When an organism has two of the same alleles of a gene

133
Q

Describe HETEROZYGOUS

A

hen an organism has two different alleles of a gene

134
Q

A dominant allele is shown with a ______ letter.

135
Q

A recessive allele is shown with a _____ letter.

136
Q

What type of allele causes Cystic fibrosis?

A

A recessive allele- f

137
Q

What would a person with Ff allele be called?

138
Q

Does someone with the ff allele have Cystic fibrosis?

139
Q

What type of allele causes Polydactyly?

A

Dominant- D

140
Q

Will the person with a Dd allele suffer with Polydactyly?

141
Q

What is embryo screening?

A

When cells from the embryos that will be used in IVF are removed to analyse their genes to detect any genetic disorders

The good alleles will be implanted into the womb

142
Q

What are some of the arguments against embryo screening?

A

The ‘bad’ embryos are destroyed- they could have developed into humans

It implies people with genetic problems are undesirable

Screening is expensive

143
Q

What are some of the arguments for embryo screening?

A

It will help to stop people suffering

There are laws to stop it being used for the wrong reasons e.g. selecting the sex of a baby

Screening allows the selected embryo to be healthy

144
Q

What is speciation?

A

The development of a new species

145
Q

What is isolation?

A

when populations of a species become separated

146
Q

What can cause speciation?

A

Isolation

Natural selection

147
Q

Why does speciation occur?

A

Because populations become so different they can no longer breed to produce fertile offspring

Science (6 decks)

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