As Biology Flashcards
1
Q
What are CARBOHYDRATES for?
A
Energy
2
Q
What are FATS for?
A
Keeping your body warm
Energy
3
Q
What is PROTEIN for?
A
Growth
Cell repair
Cell replacement
4
Q
What do FIBRES do?
A
Keeps everything moving smoothly through you digestive system.
5
Q
What do VITAMINS and MINERALS do?
A
Keep the skin, bones, blood and your body healthy.
6
Q
Energy is for?
A
Speeding up your metabolic rate.
7
Q
What is METABOLIC RATE?
A
The speed in which CHEMICAL REACTIONS take place in your body.
8
Q
If you have lots of MUSCLE, your METABOLIC RATE is?
A
HIGHER
9
Q
The bigger you are the ______ your METABOLIC RATE.
A
HIGHER
10
Q
What does exercise do to you METABOLIC RATE?
A
Speeds it up.
11
Q
The more you excise the more ______ you need.
A
Energy
12
Q
Your activity level effects the amount of ______ you need in your____.
A
Energy
Diet
13
Q
It is important that you have a ________ diet.
A
Balanced
14
Q
Your health is affected by an __________ diet.
A
Unbalanced
15
Q
What can an unbalanced diet cause?
A
Malnourishment
16
Q
If you have a bad diet you can be?
A
Overweight
Underweight
Unhealthy
17
Q
Eating too much FAT or CARBOHYDRATES can cause _______.
A
Obesity
18
Q
You are considered OBESE if you are…
A
20% (or more) over the maximum recomended BODY MASS.
19
Q
Causes of OBESITY…
A
Bad diet
Overeating
Lack of exercise
20
Q
Health problems caused by OBESITY…
A
Arthritis Type 2 diabetes High blood pressure Heart disease Cancer
21
Q
Eating to much SATURATED FAT can…
A
Increase you blood cholesterol level.
22
Q
Eating too much salt can cause…
A
High blood pressure
Heart problems
23
Q
Problems caused by malnutrition…
A
Slow growth (in children)
Fatigue
Poor resistance to infection
Irregular periods (in women)
24
Q
A lack of VITAMINS or MINERALS can cause…
A
Deficiency diseases
25
What causes SCURVY?
A lack of vitamin C
26
Who suffers the most from lack of food?
Developing countries
27
Who suffers the most from OBESITY?
Developed Countries
28
People who ________ regularly are usually _________ than those who don't.
They are also less likely to suffer from health problems such as _______.
Exercise
Healthier
Obesity
29
Exercise _________ the amount of ______ the body uses.
Increases
| Energy
30
Exercise _________ the amount of energy stored as ___.
Decreases
| Fat
31
You can be physically FIT and HEALTHY but have an __________ diet.
Unbalanced
32
INHERITED factors that LOWER METABOLIC RATE...
Under active thyroid gland
| Increase of blood cholesterol level
33
What is CHOLESTERAL?
A fatty substance
34
What are PATHOGENS?
Microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease.
35
What are INFECTIOUS DISEASES?
Diseases that spread easily.
36
What are bacteria?
Very small living cells.
37
What are the two things bacteria do to make you feel ill?
```
Damage your cells
Produce toxins (Poisons)
```
38
What does a virus do to make you ill?
Replicate themselves by invading the cells in the body and making copies of themselves.
They damage the cells which is what makes you ill.
39
What, in the respiratory tract stops microorganisms getting in?
Skin
Hairs
Mucus
40
What do PLATELETS do?
Help the blood clot to seal cuts.
41
If the blood contains ___ numbers of platelets then the blood will clot more ______.
Low
| Slowly
42
What are the three things WHITE BLOOD CELLS do to an invading microbe?
Consume them
Produce Antibodies
Produce Antitoxins
43
White blood cells ______ foreign cells and ______ them.
Engulf
| Digest
44
Every invading cells have ________ on their surface.
Antigens
45
What does the white blood cell produce when they come across a foreign antigen?
Proteins called antibodies.
46
What do ANTIBODIES do?
Lock on to and kill the invading cells.
47
What is special about the antibodies produced?
They are specific to that type of antigen- they won't lock on to any others.
48
Antibodies are produced ______ and carried around the body to kill all similar ________ or _______.
Rapidly
Bacteria
Viruses
49
What happens if some one is infected by the same pathogen a second time?
The white blood cells will rapidly produce the antibodies to kill it.
50
If white blood cells have attacked an pathogen once the person is _________ ______ to that pathogen and won't get ill.
Naturally immune
51
How do VACCINATIONS work?
1) Small amount of dead or inactive microorganisms are injected into the body.
2) The antigens cause the body to produce antibodies to attack them.
3) The body is then naturally immune from that bacteria or virus.
52
Why do some vaccinations have booster injections?
The vaccinations can wear off.
| To increase the levels of antibodies.
53
What are the Pros of vaccinations?
They have controlled lots of infectious diseases that were once common in the UK.
Epidemics can be prevented if large amount of the population is vaccinated.
54
Name some infectious diseases...
```
Polio
Measles
Mumps
Rubella
Whooping cough
Tetanus
```
55
What are some Cons of vaccinations?
They don't always work ( they don't give you immunity)
You can have a bad reaction to a vaccine (e.g swelling, fever or seizures)
56
What do antibiotics do?
Kill, or prevent the growth of, the bacteria.
57
Different ___________ kill different types of bacteria.
Antibiotics
58
Do antibiotics work on viruses?
No- They reproduce too quickly and they use body cells.
59
What is the main reason why we should be careful not to over-use antibiotics?
The bacteria can mutate causing them to be resistant to an antibiotic.
60
The resistant bacteria will _______ and _________ so more of the bacteria will be resistant.
Survive
| Reproduce
61
How can doctors slow down the rate of resistant strains?
Avoiding over-prescribing antibiotics.
62
What are microorganisms grown in?
Agar jelly containing the carbohydrates, minerals proteins and vitamins they need.
63
Name the receptor sensitive to light...
The eyes
64
Name the receptor sensitive to sound...
The ears
65
Name the receptor sensitive to chemicals in food...
The tongue
66
Name the receptor sensitive to chemicals in the air...
The nose
67
Name the receptor sensitive to touch, pressure, pain and temperature...
The skin
68
Which type of neurone transmits a signal from a sense organ to the central nervous system?
Sensory
69
Which type of neurone transmits a signal from the central nervous system to an effector such as a muscle?
Motor
70
What is a synapse?
A junction between two neurones
71
Which part of the nervous system is not involved in producing reflex actions?
The brain
72
What are hormones?
Chemicals secreted by glands
73
How are hormones transported around the body?
In the bloodstream
74
What part of the body secretes FSH?
The pituitary gland
75
What part of the body secretes oestrogen?
The ovaries
76
What is the function of the hormone LH?
LH causes a mature egg to be released
77
Oral contraceptives likely to contain which hormones?
Oestrogen and progesterone
78
Which hormones may be used in fertility treatment?
FSH and LH
79
Hormones are ________ __________ which travel in the _____ to activate ______ _____.
Chemical messengers
Blood
Target cells
80
The neurones in reflex arcs go through the ______ ____ or through the ___________ part of the _____.
Spinal Cord
Unconscious
Brain
81
What happens when a stimulus is detected by receptors?
Impulses are sent along the sensory neurone to the central nervous system.
82
What happens when impulses reach a synapse between the sensory neurone an the relay neurone?
They trigger chemicals to be released which cause impulses to be sent along the relay neurone.
83
What happens when impulses reach a synapse between the relay neurone an the motor neurone?
Chemicals are release and cause impulses to be sent along the motor neurone.
84
Impulses travel along the _____ neurone to the ________.
Motor neurone to the efector.
85
What is the order in which a stimulus becomes a response?
```
Stimulus
Receptor
Sensory neurone
Relay neurone
Motor neurone
Effector
Response
```
86
What are the three ways nerves act?
Fast
For a short time
On a precise area
87
What are the three ways hormones act?
Slow
For a long time
In a general way
88
What is Auxin?
A plant growth hormone
89
Where does Auxin control growth?
Near the tip, shoots and roots of the plant.
90
How do auxins move through the plant?
Thought the plant solution
91
Auxin controls the growth of the plant in response to...
Light
Gravity
Moisture
92
Phototropism is the response to...
Light
93
Gravitropism or Geotropism is the response to...
Gravity
94
Where is auxin produced?
In the tips of the plant
95
What happens if the tip of a shoot is removed from the plant?
No auxin is available
| The shoot may stop growing
96
Which side gets the most auxin when the shoot tip is exposed to light?
The side of the shoot that is in the shoot
97
What happens to the shaded side of the shoot tip when it gets more auxin?
It grows faster and bends towards the light
98
Which side of a shoot contains more auxin?
The shaded side
99
When a root bends in the direction of the force of gravity...
The top side grows more than the bottom side
100
What happens when a shoot of a plant is growing sideways?
There is an unequal distribution of auxin in the tip.
| More auxin is on the lower side
101
When a shoot is growing sideways, the _____ side grows _____ and the shoot bends _______.
Lower
Faster
Upwards
102
Shoots are...
Positively phototropic but negatively gravitropic
103
Roots are...
Negatively phototropic but positively gravitropic
104
Shoots grow towards _____.
Light
105
Shoot grow away from _______.
Gravity
106
Roots grow towards _______.
Gravity
107
Rots grow towards ________.
Moisture
108
A root growing sideways has ____ auxin on _____ side.
More
| Lower
109
An uneven amount of moisture on either side of a root produces ____ auxin on the side with more ________.
More
| Moisture
110
Plant hormones can be _________ and used by people.
Extracted
111
Name two ways plant hormones are used in agriculture...
Weed killers
| Rooting powder
112
What are the bodily levels that need to be controlled?
Ion content
Sugar content
Water content
Temperature
113
Ion content is regulated by the _______.
Kidneys
114
Ions are taken into the body in ____ and absorbed into the _____.
Food
| Blood
115
If a food contains ___ ____ of any ion the the excess ion needs to be _______.
Too much
| Removed
116
Some ions are lost in _____.
Sweat
117
Kidneys remove excess ions from the blood which is then got rid of in _____.
Urine
118
Eating foods containing _____________ puts _______ into the blood from the ___.
Carbohydrates
Glucose
Gut
119
The metabolism of cells removes _______ from the blood.
Glucose
120
Exercise _________ the amount of glucose that is removed.
Increases
121
What does insulin do?
Helps to maintain the right level of glucose in the blood, so your your cells get a constant supply of energy.
122
How is water taken into the body?
As food and drink
123
What are the three ways water is lost from the body?
Through the skin as sweat
Via the lungs in breath
Via the kidneys as urine
124
How is water lost on a cold day or when you are not exercising?
As urine (not sweating as much)
125
How is water lost on a Hot day or when you are exercising?
As sweat
| In breath
126
What temperature do enzymes in the body work best?
37*C
127
What do stimulants do to the body?
Increase heart rate
128
Alcohol is a...
Depressant
129
Heroin and cocaine are both...
Highly addictive
130
Why was thalidomide banned?
It caused birth defects in children (e.g. Shorter limbs)
131
The addictive substance in alcoholic drinks is...
Ethanol
132
What are statins?
Prescribed drugs used to lower the risk of heart and circulatory disease.
133
What are the three main stages of drug testing?
Testing on human cells and tissues
Testing on live animals
Clinical trials on human volunteers
134
What was Thalidomide intended as?
A sleeping pill
135
What was Thalidomide found to work for?
Morning sickness in pregnant women
136
What was Thalidomide found to work for?
Morning sickness in pregnant women
137
What is the feature of a double blind trial?
Doctors and patients don't know if the drug is real.
138
What is meant by the word "population"?
All the members of a single species that live in a habitat.
139
What don't plants compete for?
Food
140
Why are polar bears white?
To camouflage them so their prey cannot see them.
141
Why have desert animals adapted? (40)
- To save water
- To keep cool
- Avoid predators
- Hide from prey
142
How have desert animals adapted to lose more body heat? (3)
- They have a large surface area compared to volume
- Thin layers of body heat
- Thin coats
143
Why are desert animals a sandy colour? (2)
Camouflage
- Avoid predators
- Hide from prey
144
Why have arctic animals adapted? (3)
- Avoid predators
- Hide from prey
- Reduce heat loss (keep warm)
145
How have arctic animals adapted to reduce heat loss? (4)
- Small surface area compared to volume
- Thick layer of blubber for insulation
- Thick hairy coats
- Greasy fur to shed water
146
How have desert animals adapted to lose more body heat? (3)
- They have a large surface area compared to volume
- Thin layers of body heat
- Thin coats
147
How have arctic animals adapted to reduce heat loss? (4)
- Small surface area compared to volume
- Thick layer of blubber for insulation
- Thick hairy coats
- Greasy fur to shed water
148
What have desert plants adapted to?
Having little water
149
How have desert plants adapted to reduce water loss? (3)
- Small surface area compared to volume
- Spines instead of leaves
- Water storage tissues (Cactus stem)
150
How do desert plants maximise water absorption?
- Shallow extensive roots- absorb water quickly over a large area
Or
- Deep roots to acces underground water
