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As Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are CARBOHYDRATES for?

A

Energy

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2
Q

What are FATS for?

A

Keeping your body warm

Energy

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3
Q

What is PROTEIN for?

A

Growth
Cell repair
Cell replacement

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4
Q

What do FIBRES do?

A

Keeps everything moving smoothly through you digestive system.

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5
Q

What do VITAMINS and MINERALS do?

A

Keep the skin, bones, blood and your body healthy.

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6
Q

Energy is for?

A

Speeding up your metabolic rate.

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7
Q

What is METABOLIC RATE?

A

The speed in which CHEMICAL REACTIONS take place in your body.

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8
Q

If you have lots of MUSCLE, your METABOLIC RATE is?

A

HIGHER

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9
Q

The bigger you are the ______ your METABOLIC RATE.

A

HIGHER

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10
Q

What does exercise do to you METABOLIC RATE?

A

Speeds it up.

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11
Q

The more you excise the more ______ you need.

A

Energy

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12
Q

Your activity level effects the amount of ______ you need in your____.

A

Energy

Diet

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13
Q

It is important that you have a ________ diet.

A

Balanced

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14
Q

Your health is affected by an __________ diet.

A

Unbalanced

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15
Q

What can an unbalanced diet cause?

A

Malnourishment

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16
Q

If you have a bad diet you can be?

A

Overweight
Underweight
Unhealthy

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17
Q

Eating too much FAT or CARBOHYDRATES can cause _______.

A

Obesity

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18
Q

You are considered OBESE if you are…

A

20% (or more) over the maximum recomended BODY MASS.

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19
Q

Causes of OBESITY…

A

Bad diet
Overeating
Lack of exercise

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20
Q

Health problems caused by OBESITY…

A 
Arthritis
Type 2 diabetes
High blood pressure
Heart disease
Cancer
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21
Q

Eating to much SATURATED FAT can…

A

Increase you blood cholesterol level.

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22
Q

Eating too much salt can cause…

A

High blood pressure

Heart problems

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23
Q

Problems caused by malnutrition…

A

Slow growth (in children)
Fatigue
Poor resistance to infection
Irregular periods (in women)

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24
Q

A lack of VITAMINS or MINERALS can cause…

A

Deficiency diseases

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25
Q

What causes SCURVY?

A

A lack of vitamin C

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26
Q

Who suffers the most from lack of food?

A

Developing countries

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27
Q

Who suffers the most from OBESITY?

A

Developed Countries

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28
Q

People who ________ regularly are usually _________ than those who don’t.

They are also less likely to suffer from health problems such as _______.

A

Exercise
Healthier

Obesity

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29
Q

Exercise _________ the amount of ______ the body uses.

A

Increases

Energy

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30
Q

Exercise _________ the amount of energy stored as ___.

A

Decreases

Fat

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31
Q

You can be physically FIT and HEALTHY but have an __________ diet.

A

Unbalanced

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32
Q

INHERITED factors that LOWER METABOLIC RATE…

A

Under active thyroid gland

Increase of blood cholesterol level

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33
Q

What is CHOLESTERAL?

A

A fatty substance

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34
Q

What are PATHOGENS?

A

Microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease.

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35
Q

What are INFECTIOUS DISEASES?

A

Diseases that spread easily.

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36
Q

What are bacteria?

A

Very small living cells.

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37
Q

What are the two things bacteria do to make you feel ill?

A 
Damage your cells
Produce toxins (Poisons)
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38
Q

What does a virus do to make you ill?

A

Replicate themselves by invading the cells in the body and making copies of themselves.

They damage the cells which is what makes you ill.

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39
Q

What, in the respiratory tract stops microorganisms getting in?

A

Skin
Hairs
Mucus

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40
Q

What do PLATELETS do?

A

Help the blood clot to seal cuts.

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41
Q

If the blood contains ___ numbers of platelets then the blood will clot more ______.

A

Low

Slowly

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42
Q

What are the three things WHITE BLOOD CELLS do to an invading microbe?

A

Consume them
Produce Antibodies
Produce Antitoxins

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43
Q

White blood cells ______ foreign cells and ______ them.

A

Engulf

Digest

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44
Q

Every invading cells have ________ on their surface.

A

Antigens

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45
Q

What does the white blood cell produce when they come across a foreign antigen?

A

Proteins called antibodies.

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46
Q

What do ANTIBODIES do?

A

Lock on to and kill the invading cells.

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47
Q

What is special about the antibodies produced?

A

They are specific to that type of antigen- they won’t lock on to any others.

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48
Q

Antibodies are produced ______ and carried around the body to kill all similar ________ or _______.

A

Rapidly
Bacteria
Viruses

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49
Q

What happens if some one is infected by the same pathogen a second time?

A

The white blood cells will rapidly produce the antibodies to kill it.

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50
Q

If white blood cells have attacked an pathogen once the person is _________ ______ to that pathogen and won’t get ill.

A

Naturally immune

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51
Q

How do VACCINATIONS work?

A

1) Small amount of dead or inactive microorganisms are injected into the body.
2) The antigens cause the body to produce antibodies to attack them.
3) The body is then naturally immune from that bacteria or virus.

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52
Q

Why do some vaccinations have booster injections?

A

The vaccinations can wear off.

To increase the levels of antibodies.

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53
Q

What are the Pros of vaccinations?

A

They have controlled lots of infectious diseases that were once common in the UK.

Epidemics can be prevented if large amount of the population is vaccinated.

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54
Q

Name some infectious diseases…

A 
Polio
Measles
 Mumps
Rubella
Whooping cough
Tetanus
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55
Q

What are some Cons of vaccinations?

A

They don’t always work ( they don’t give you immunity)

You can have a bad reaction to a vaccine (e.g swelling, fever or seizures)

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56
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

Kill, or prevent the growth of, the bacteria.

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57
Q

Different ___________ kill different types of bacteria.

A

Antibiotics

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58
Q

Do antibiotics work on viruses?

A

No- They reproduce too quickly and they use body cells.

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59
Q

What is the main reason why we should be careful not to over-use antibiotics?

A

The bacteria can mutate causing them to be resistant to an antibiotic.

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60
Q

The resistant bacteria will _______ and _________ so more of the bacteria will be resistant.

A

Survive

Reproduce

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61
Q

How can doctors slow down the rate of resistant strains?

A

Avoiding over-prescribing antibiotics.

62
Q

What are microorganisms grown in?

A

Agar jelly containing the carbohydrates, minerals proteins and vitamins they need.

63
Q

Name the receptor sensitive to light…

A

The eyes

64
Q

Name the receptor sensitive to sound…

A

The ears

65
Q

Name the receptor sensitive to chemicals in food…

A

The tongue

66
Q

Name the receptor sensitive to chemicals in the air…

A

The nose

67
Q

Name the receptor sensitive to touch, pressure, pain and temperature…

A

The skin

68
Q

Which type of neurone transmits a signal from a sense organ to the central nervous system?

A

Sensory

69
Q

Which type of neurone transmits a signal from the central nervous system to an effector such as a muscle?

A

Motor

70
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A junction between two neurones

71
Q

Which part of the nervous system is not involved in producing reflex actions?

A

The brain

72
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemicals secreted by glands

73
Q

How are hormones transported around the body?

A

In the bloodstream

74
Q

What part of the body secretes FSH?

A

The pituitary gland

75
Q

What part of the body secretes oestrogen?

A

The ovaries

76
Q

What is the function of the hormone LH?

A

LH causes a mature egg to be released

77
Q

Oral contraceptives likely to contain which hormones?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

78
Q

Which hormones may be used in fertility treatment?

A

FSH and LH

79
Q

Hormones are ________ __________ which travel in the _____ to activate ______ _____.

A

Chemical messengers
Blood
Target cells

80
Q

The neurones in reflex arcs go through the ______ ____ or through the ___________ part of the _____.

A

Spinal Cord
Unconscious
Brain

81
Q

What happens when a stimulus is detected by receptors?

A

Impulses are sent along the sensory neurone to the central nervous system.

82
Q

What happens when impulses reach a synapse between the sensory neurone an the relay neurone?

A

They trigger chemicals to be released which cause impulses to be sent along the relay neurone.

83
Q

What happens when impulses reach a synapse between the relay neurone an the motor neurone?

A

Chemicals are release and cause impulses to be sent along the motor neurone.

84
Q

Impulses travel along the _____ neurone to the ________.

A

Motor neurone to the efector.

85
Q

What is the order in which a stimulus becomes a response?

A 
Stimulus
Receptor 
Sensory neurone 
Relay neurone
Motor neurone 
Effector
Response
86
Q

What are the three ways nerves act?

A

Fast
For a short time
On a precise area

87
Q

What are the three ways hormones act?

A

Slow
For a long time
In a general way

88
Q

What is Auxin?

A

A plant growth hormone

89
Q

Where does Auxin control growth?

A

Near the tip, shoots and roots of the plant.

90
Q

How do auxins move through the plant?

A

Thought the plant solution

91
Q

Auxin controls the growth of the plant in response to…

A

Light
Gravity
Moisture

92
Q

Phototropism is the response to…

A

Light

93
Q

Gravitropism or Geotropism is the response to…

A

Gravity

94
Q

Where is auxin produced?

A

In the tips of the plant

95
Q

What happens if the tip of a shoot is removed from the plant?

A

No auxin is available

The shoot may stop growing

96
Q

Which side gets the most auxin when the shoot tip is exposed to light?

A

The side of the shoot that is in the shoot

97
Q

What happens to the shaded side of the shoot tip when it gets more auxin?

A

It grows faster and bends towards the light

98
Q

Which side of a shoot contains more auxin?

A

The shaded side

99
Q

When a root bends in the direction of the force of gravity…

A

The top side grows more than the bottom side

100
Q

What happens when a shoot of a plant is growing sideways?

A

There is an unequal distribution of auxin in the tip.

More auxin is on the lower side

101
Q

When a shoot is growing sideways, the _____ side grows _____ and the shoot bends _______.

A

Lower
Faster
Upwards

102
Q

Shoots are…

A

Positively phototropic but negatively gravitropic

103
Q

Roots are…

A

Negatively phototropic but positively gravitropic

104
Q

Shoots grow towards _____.

A

Light

105
Q

Shoot grow away from _______.

A

Gravity

106
Q

Roots grow towards _______.

A

Gravity

107
Q

Rots grow towards ________.

A

Moisture

108
Q

A root growing sideways has ____ auxin on _____ side.

A

More

Lower

109
Q

An uneven amount of moisture on either side of a root produces ____ auxin on the side with more ________.

A

More

Moisture

110
Q

Plant hormones can be _________ and used by people.

A

Extracted

111
Q

Name two ways plant hormones are used in agriculture…

A

Weed killers

Rooting powder

112
Q

What are the bodily levels that need to be controlled?

A

Ion content
Sugar content
Water content
Temperature

113
Q

Ion content is regulated by the _______.

A

Kidneys

114
Q

Ions are taken into the body in ____ and absorbed into the _____.

A

Food

Blood

115
Q

If a food contains ___ ____ of any ion the the excess ion needs to be _______.

A

Too much

Removed

116
Q

Some ions are lost in _____.

A

Sweat

117
Q

Kidneys remove excess ions from the blood which is then got rid of in _____.

A

Urine

118
Q

Eating foods containing _____________ puts _______ into the blood from the ___.

A

Carbohydrates
Glucose
Gut

119
Q

The metabolism of cells removes _______ from the blood.

A

Glucose

120
Q

Exercise _________ the amount of glucose that is removed.

A

Increases

121
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Helps to maintain the right level of glucose in the blood, so your your cells get a constant supply of energy.

122
Q

How is water taken into the body?

A

As food and drink

123
Q

What are the three ways water is lost from the body?

A

Through the skin as sweat
Via the lungs in breath
Via the kidneys as urine

124
Q

How is water lost on a cold day or when you are not exercising?

A

As urine (not sweating as much)

125
Q

How is water lost on a Hot day or when you are exercising?

A

As sweat

In breath

126
Q

What temperature do enzymes in the body work best?

A

37*C

127
Q

What do stimulants do to the body?

A

Increase heart rate

128
Q

Alcohol is a…

A

Depressant

129
Q

Heroin and cocaine are both…

A

Highly addictive

130
Q

Why was thalidomide banned?

A

It caused birth defects in children (e.g. Shorter limbs)

131
Q

The addictive substance in alcoholic drinks is…

A

Ethanol

132
Q

What are statins?

A

Prescribed drugs used to lower the risk of heart and circulatory disease.

133
Q

What are the three main stages of drug testing?

A

Testing on human cells and tissues

Testing on live animals

Clinical trials on human volunteers

134
Q

What was Thalidomide intended as?

A

A sleeping pill

135
Q

What was Thalidomide found to work for?

A

Morning sickness in pregnant women

136
Q

What was Thalidomide found to work for?

A

Morning sickness in pregnant women

137
Q

What is the feature of a double blind trial?

A

Doctors and patients don’t know if the drug is real.

138
Q

What is meant by the word “population”?

A

All the members of a single species that live in a habitat.

139
Q

What don’t plants compete for?

A

Food

140
Q

Why are polar bears white?

A

To camouflage them so their prey cannot see them.

141
Q

Why have desert animals adapted? (40)

A
  • To save water
  • To keep cool
  • Avoid predators
  • Hide from prey
142
Q

How have desert animals adapted to lose more body heat? (3)

A
  • They have a large surface area compared to volume
  • Thin layers of body heat
  • Thin coats
143
Q

Why are desert animals a sandy colour? (2)

A

Camouflage

  • Avoid predators
  • Hide from prey
144
Q

Why have arctic animals adapted? (3)

A
  • Avoid predators
  • Hide from prey
  • Reduce heat loss (keep warm)
145
Q

How have arctic animals adapted to reduce heat loss? (4)

A
  • Small surface area compared to volume
  • Thick layer of blubber for insulation
  • Thick hairy coats
  • Greasy fur to shed water
146
Q

How have desert animals adapted to lose more body heat? (3)

A
  • They have a large surface area compared to volume
  • Thin layers of body heat
  • Thin coats
147
Q

How have arctic animals adapted to reduce heat loss? (4)

A
  • Small surface area compared to volume
  • Thick layer of blubber for insulation
  • Thick hairy coats
  • Greasy fur to shed water
148
Q

What have desert plants adapted to?

A

Having little water

149
Q

How have desert plants adapted to reduce water loss? (3)

A
  • Small surface area compared to volume
  • Spines instead of leaves
  • Water storage tissues (Cactus stem)
150
Q

How do desert plants maximise water absorption?

A
  • Shallow extensive roots- absorb water quickly over a large area

Or

  • Deep roots to acces underground water

Science (6 decks)

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