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Bio 20 IB > B2 > Flashcards

B2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Evolution

A
  • Population of living things change over generations
  • Organisms best adapted to their environment are most likely to survive (“survival of the fittest”)
  • Evolution only occurs in populations, not individuals
  • Cumulative change in heritable characterisitcs of a population
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2
Q

Changing Earth- Fossils

Paleontology

A

Study of fossils

Burrows,footprints and chemicaals rcan remain in fossils

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3
Q

Changing Earth- Fossils

Fossil Formation

A
  • Teeth, shells, bones can resist weathering for long periods of time, in dry environments
  • Insects may be trapped in amber
  • Impressions/imprints can be left by plants/animals, tracks in soft mud
  • fecal matter
  • Intracellular spaces of skeletal material can be replaced with minerals (e.g. silica, calcium, iron)
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4
Q

Changing Earth- Fossils

Patterns found

A
  1. Different species lived on Earth at various different times
  2. Complexity of organsims increased
  3. Living species located in the same geographic region as thei most closely matching fossil
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5
Q

Changing Earth- Fossils

Relative dating

Dating the past

A

Deeper the sedimantary rock layer= Older fossil

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6
Q

Changing Earth- Fossils

Radiometric dating

Dating the past

A

Determines the age of rock or fossil by radioactive isotope decay rate

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7
Q

Changing Earth- Biogeography

Biogeography

A

The study of the variation and geographic distrubution of life on Earth

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8
Q

Changing Earth- Biogeography

225 million years ago Earth had one land mass

Theory of plate tectonics

A

Supercontinent (Pangea)

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9
Q

Seperated the contintentd by shiftinh tectonic plates

Theory of plate tectonics

A
  • Fossil species older than 150million years were on the same contintent
  • The ones younger were on seperate
  • Populations evolved after the break up of pangea
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10
Q

Changing Earth- Anatomy

Homologous structures

A
  • Features with similar structures but different functions
  • Similiar origin but different use in diffrent species
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11
Q

Changing Earth- Anatomy

Analougous structures

A
  • Similair in function and appearence but not in origin
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12
Q

Changing Earth- Anatomy

Convergent evolution

A
  • Development of similair adaptations from unrelated species
  • Occupy equivalant niches on differetn continents
  • Due to similar environemtal conditions
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13
Q

Changing Earth- Anatomy

Embryonic development

A
  • Late 1800s: scientists noticed similarities in embryos of different species
  • Many structures are similair to common ancestor
  • Ex: Homologoud trait such as tailbones
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14
Q

Changing Earth- Anatomy

Vestigal functions

A
  • Rudimentary structures with no useful function
  • May have been functional in ancestors
  • Examples: Human appendix, wisdom teeth, tail bones, whale skeleton having hips and legs
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15
Q

Changing Earth- Biochemistry

DNA

A
  • Hereditary material in cells
  • Each DNA molecule contain many different genes
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16
Q

Changing Earth- Biochemistry

Gene

A

Segment of DNA that performs a specific function

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17
Q

Scientific Theory

A
  • Model that accounts for all known scientific evidenses
  • Requires plausbale explantation
  • Altered as new data is gained
18
Q

Timeline of the evidence of evolution

Lamarkism

Early 1800s, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

A
  • Inheritance of aquired characteristics
  • False concept, but key recognition of environemntal role in driving evolutionary chanfe
19
Q

Timeline of the evidence of evolution

1830-1860, Charles Darwin

A
  • Natural selection: Result of differiential reproductive success of individuals caused by variations in their limited charecteristics
  • All species have inherited traits ehich make them better adapted to survive and reproduce= Survival becomes more common in populations= Evolved populations
20
Q

Darwins Theory

Overproduction

A

Number of offspring produced by a species is greater than can survive

20
Q

Darwins Theory

Competition

A

Organisms of different or the same species must be compete for limited resources

20
Q

Dawins Theory

Variation

A
  • No two individuals are alike. sexual reproduction creates varaibility
  • Offspring inherit most of the parents traits, not all. Some traits arose randomely
20
Q

Dawins Theory

Survival of the fittest

A

Environment ats to select favorable traits. Those with advantages survive and reproduce

20
Q

Dawins Theory

Speciation

A

Individuals do not change, populations do

20
Q

Inherited Variation-mutations

DNA

A
  • Made out of nuecleotides that form genes, this gives the inherited traits
  • DNA is usually relicated the exact same but changes can occur sometimes
20
Q

Inherited Variation-mutations

Mutations

A
  • Random changes in DNA
  • Can occur from environemtal fators and erros in copying
  • IB: Mutations can occur because of meiosis
  • New combinations of alleles are created due to crossing over
21
Q

Inherited Variation-mutations

Mutations-Neutral

A

No affect on individuals fintness or reproduction

21
Q

Inherited Variation-mutations

Mutations-Harmful

A
  • May cause gene disorders or cancer
  • reduces individuals fitness
22
Q

Inherited Variation-mutations

Mutations-Beneficial

A
  • Provides an advandtage to an individual
23
Q

Inherited Variation

Asexual Reproduction/Reproduction without male

A
  • Recieve exact same DNA as parent
  • Offspring identical to parents and siblings
  • Only source of variation is mutation
24
Q

Inherited Variation

Sexual reproduction/Reproduction with two parents

A
  • Are varaiable in phenotype(how they look)
  • Offspring inheritis random assortments of genes from either parent
  • Allows species to be variable
25
Q

Variability

A
  1. 2 copies of each gene, one from mom, and one from dad
  2. Random asortment of genes
  3. Chose different mates
26
Q

Inherited Variation

Adaptations

A
  • Change in charecteristic of an organism that increases its chance of survival
  • Variation in a trait may give adoptive advantage to a species
  • 3 types of adaptions
    1. Structural
    2. Behavioral
    3. Physiological
27
Q

Structural adaptation

A

Physical characteristic that helps an organism survive in its environment

27
Q

Behavioral Adaptation

A
  • Something an organism does in response to external stimulus to help them survive
  • Ex: hibernation, migration, courtship, nocturnal/diurnal
27
Q

Physiological Adaptation

A

A process inside of organisms body that helps it to survive in its environment

27
Q

Speciation- Forming a new species

Allopatric speciation

A
  1. Physical barrier sepertes single interbreeding population into two. mutations not shared
  2. Narural selection works on seperate populations- inherited differences. populations evolve independetly in response to varying environment
  3. groups are no longer sexually compatable due to accumalted physical/behavioral differences-> 2 or more different species
27
Q

Dawins Theory- Speciation

A
  • Individuals do not change, populations do
  • Accumaltion of new traits over long periods of times populations become new/different species
27
Q

Darwins Finches

A
  • They become different species of finches due to geographical isolation
  • Overtime the food source they were adapted to distinguished them from one another
27
Q

Theory of Gradulism

A
  • Speciation occurs slowly
  • Fossil records show abrupt changes but we are missing many pieces
27
Q

Theory of Punctuated Equllibrium

A
  1. Many species evolve ver rapidly in evolutionary times
  2. Speciation usually occurs in small isolated populations, so intemediate fossils are rare
  3. After initial burst of evolution, spcies are well adapted to their environemt so they dont change much over long periods of time

Bio 20 IB (6 decks)

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