B1a - Cell Structure Flashcards
Nucleus
Contains the genetic material and controls the cells activity
Mitochondria
Where aerobic respiration takes place which releases energy from food
Ribosomes
Where protein synthesis takes place
Cell membrane
Controls what enters and leaves a cell
Cellulose
The strong substance that plant and algal cell walls are made from
Cytoplasm
The liquid part of a cell where many essential reactions take place
Chloroplast
Where photosynthesis takes place, which makes glucose
Chlorophyll
The green chemical in chloroplast which is needed to absorb light energy
Permanent Vacuole
Filled with cell sap. Used for storage and support
Eukaryotic cells
Cell which have the genetic material in a nucleus eg. plants and animal
Prokaryotic cells
Cells which do not have their genetic material in a nucleus eg. bacterial cells
Magnification
How many times bigger an object appears compared to its actual size
Resolving Power
The ability to distinguish between object close together and see in greater detail
Flagella
These allow cells to move/swim
Plasmid
Small loops of DNA that contain a small number of genes
Specialised cell
A cell that has features that allow it to carry out a particular function
Root hair cell function
To absorb minerals
Root hair cell adapt.
- Large surface area
- Many mitochondria to transfer energy needed for mineral transport
Xylem cell function
To carry water and minerals ions from the roots - supports the plant
Xylem Cell adapt.
- The walls thicken with lignin and when the cells die they become hollow
- The lignin spirals strength the walls and supports the cell
Phloem Cell function
Carry sugar and amino acids around the plant
Phloem Cell adapt.
- the cell wall breakdown to form sieves plate which allow sugar dissolved in water to move freely
- have little sub cellular structure and rely on companion cells which have many mitochondria to transfer energy need to load sugar into the vessels
Sperm Cell function
To carry male genetic material to the egg
Sperm Cell adapt
- The nucleus is filled with genetic material
- has a long tail to swim fast
- many mitochondria to transfer energy needed for the tail to work
- The acrosomes store enzyme to breakdown the outer layer of the egg
Nerve Cell function
To carry electrical impulses around the body. Provide rapid communication between body parts
Nerve Cell Adapt.
- Axon covered in a fatty sheath which increases the speed of electrical impulses
- Axons are very long to carry the impulses far
- Lots of dendrites to make connections with other cells
Muscle Cell function
To contract and relax intern moving muscles
Muscle Cell Adapt.
- Many mitochondria to transfer energy required to contract
- special fibres that slide over eachother making muscle fibres contract
- store glycogen which can be used for cellular respiration
