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Biology session 4 > B16 Sexual reproduction in humans > Flashcards

B16 Sexual reproduction in humans Flashcards

1
Q

Ovaries function

A

Where the egg is produced and produces 2 of the female sex hormones

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2
Q

Fallopian tubes (oviduct) function

A

Connect ovaries to uterus, where fertilization occurs

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3
Q

Uterus function

A

Site of implantation of embryo and fetus development

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4
Q

Cervix function

A

Narrow neck of uterus, dilates during labor

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5
Q

Vagina function

A

Accepts the penis during intercourse. The baby is passed through this during birth

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6
Q

Route of egg

A

1) Released by one of the ovaries approx. every 28 days
2) Passes into end of the Fallopian tube and moves downward
3) If egg met by sperm, fertilization occurs before or just after it reaches uterus
4) The sperm nucleus fuses with egg nucleus to form a zygote (conception)
5) If egg not fertilized, it passes out through vagina

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7
Q

Headpiece of sperm

A

Contains nucleus and bag of enzymes that help penetrate egg. (the acrosome and nucleus)

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8
Q

Midpiece of sperm

A

Has many mitochondria to generate energy for swimming (the mitochondrion)

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9
Q

Tail of sex cells

A

Egg- none

Sperm- Long flagellum that propels sperm in its swim to the egg

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10
Q

Sex cells mobility

A

Egg- Not mobile on their own; they are moved by small contractions of the oviducts
Sperm- long flagellum to propel it

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11
Q

Size of sex cells

A

Egg- 0.1mm in diameter

Sperm- Microscopic

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12
Q

Jelly coat of sex cells

A

Egg- Acts as protection to the ovum

Sperm- None

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13
Q

Mitochondria of sex cells

A

Egg- very few

Sperm- Many to generate energy for swimming

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14
Q

Nutrient reserve of sex cells

A

Egg- Very large, the egg may be in oviduct for several days. It also fuels early development of embryo
Sperm- None

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15
Q

Digestive enzymes of sex cells

A

Egg- None

Sperm- Helps it burrogh through egg

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16
Q

Number of sex cells released

A

Egg- usually one per menstrual cycle

Sperm- Millions

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17
Q

Adolescence/ puberty

A

The transition from a sexually immature child into a sexually mature adult

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18
Q

Male sex hormone

A

Testosterone

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19
Q

Female sex hormones

A

Progesterone and oestrogen

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20
Q

Zygote

A

A fertilized egg cell

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21
Q

Ovulation

A

The release of an egg from the ovaries which happens around 14 days into the menstrual cycle

22
Q

Purpose of thick uterus lining

A

In preparation for fertilization and to acomodate a fetus

23
Q

Corpus lutem

A

AKA yellow body, an empty follicle that develops 21 days into the menstrual cycle

24
Q

Use of oestrogen

A

Causes uterus wall to thicken, and help causes ovulation

25
Q

Use of progesterone

A

Maintains uterus wall and stops other eggs from developing. The fall in progesterone starts menstruation

26
Q

Placenta

A

A temporary organ that allows the blood systems of the fetus and the mother to come in close contact without actually mixing.

27
Q

Fetus

A

What the embryo and placenta are called after fertilization

28
Q

Substances diffusing from mother to fetus

A

Oxygen, minerals, vitamins, glucose, amino acids

29
Q

Substances diffusing from fetus to mother

A

Carbon dioxide, urea

30
Q

Why are maternal and fetal circulations separated?

A

1) So the baby can rely on its own systems when born, not completely reliant on mother
2) Possibly different blood types
3) Blood pressure

31
Q

Umbilical cord

A

Carries blood back to the placenta from the fetus

32
Q

Amniotic fluid

A

Protects developing baby by cushioning against blows to the mother’s abdomen. Allows for easier fetal movement and promoting muscular/skeletal development

33
Q

Length of pregancy

A

28-40 weeks

34
Q

3 Stages of labor

A

1) Amnion ruptures and the cervix widens to diameter of 10 cm
2) Strong contractions of uterine muscle push baby out of uterus, through cervix and vagina
3) Placenta and umbilical cord expelled after baby born

35
Q

Advantages of baby born headfirst

A

Prevent baby suffering brain damage when skull moves outwards

36
Q

Oxytocin

A

Hormone produced right after birth that causes lactation and allows woman to breastfeed

37
Q

HIV

A

Virus that damages immune system by infecting/destroying white blood cells.

38
Q

AIDS

A

The final, life threatening stage of infection of HIV.

39
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

Bodily fluids (blood, semen, breast milk), sexual intercourse, sharing needles

40
Q

Testis function

A

Produces sperm. Are located outside of the body as sperm cannot be produced in too hot a temperature

41
Q

Sperm duct function

A

Carries sperm from testes to urethra

42
Q

Scrotum function

A

Pouch of skin containing the testes

43
Q

Epididymis function

A

Coiled tube where sperm is stored

44
Q

Urethra function

A

The duct that carries urine/sperm

45
Q

Penis function

A

Transfers sperm into vagina

46
Q

Seminal vesicle function

A

Produces fluid containing nutrients for sperm, makes up semen

47
Q

Ureter function

A

Connects bladder to kidney

48
Q

Prostate gland function

A

Produces alkaline fluid (to neutralize acidity of vagina) to add to sperm to make semen

49
Q

Route taken by ejaculated sperm to oviduct of female

A

1) Testis
2) Epididymis
3) Sperm duct
4) Urethra
5) Vagina

50
Q

How are sperm adapted to their function?

A

Pointed head to penetrate egg, long tail to help it swim faster, stream-like shape to decrease resistance

Biology session 4 (4 decks)

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