B1.4 - Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

How does the plant get the carbon dioxide it needs for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide DIFFUSES from the air into the plant through the stomata

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2
Q

How does the plant get the water it needs for photosynthesis

A

Water enters the roots from the soil through the root hair cells by osmosis

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3
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water —> glucose + oxygen

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4
Q

What is the symbol equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 +6H2O —> C6H12O6 +6O2

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5
Q

What are stomata?

A

They are tiny pores on the underside of the leaf.

They allow carbon dioxide to diffuse in and water vapour and oxygen to diffuse out

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6
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

Inside the plants chloroplast.

This means it mainly occurs in the leaf but a small amount occurs in the green stem.

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7
Q

Why are leaves and stems green?

A

They contain the pigment chlorophyll inside their chloroplasts

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8
Q

How does photosynthesis work?

A

Light transfers energy from the Sun to chlorophyll where carbon dioxide and water react to make glucose. Glucose stores energy within its chemical bonds.

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9
Q

What are the 2 main stages of photosynthesis

A

Light dependent and light independent

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10
Q

What happens in the first stage? ( light dependent stage)

A

Energy transferred from the sun splits water molecules into oxygen gas and hydrogen ions.

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11
Q

What happens in the second stage? (Light independent stage)

A

Carbon dioxide gas combines with the hydrogen ions to make glucose

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12
Q

Is photosynthesis an endothermic or exothermic reaction?

A

Endothermic as energy must be transferred from the surroundings to keep it doing

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13
Q

What does “photosynthesis” mean

A

Photo means using light
Synthesis means the creation of larger substances

Photosynthesis means using light to make a new substance

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14
Q

How does the plant use the glucose produced?

A

The plant uses some of the glucose immediately in respiration

Other glucose molecules are converted into other sugar molecules

Glucose that isn’t needed straight away can be converted to

  • starch ( a food store)
  • Proteins
  • fats and oils
  • cellulose (to form cell walls)
  • sucrose (stored in fruit)
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15
Q

How can you test for starch?

A
  • the plant converts glucose into starch if it isn’t used immediately

To test a plant for starch :

  • take the leaf you are about to test and place it in a beaker of boiling water for a minute to kill it.
  • place the lead into a boiling tube of ethanol to remove all the chlorophyll.
  • wash the leaf with water to remove the ethanol
  • spread the lead on a white tile
  • add a few drops of iodine solution onto the leaf
  • if starch is present the iodine will turn from yellow-brown to blue-black
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16
Q

How can you destarch a plant?

A

Keeping the plant in the dark for a minimum of 24hrs

17
Q

How can you prove chlorophyll is needed for photosynthesis?

A

Variegated leaves only have chlorophyll in some areas of the leaf.

  • to prove chlorophyll is needed you should place a destarched variegated plant in the sunlight for several hours.
  • then test one of its leaves for the presence of starch.
18
Q

How can you prove light is needed for photosynthesis?

A
  • take a destarched plant and cover part of one of its leaves with black card or tin foil so light cannot reach the covered area of the leaf.

Place the plant in sunlight for several hours

Remove the card and test the leaf for the presence of starch.

19
Q

How can you prove carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis

A
  • take a destarched plant and place it inside a polythene bag.
  • add a pot of soda lime (it absorbs carbon dioxide and water vapour) and seal the bag
  • place the plant in sunlight for several hours before testing one of the leaves for the presence of starch.
20
Q

How can you prove oxygen is given off during photosynthesis?

A

Place an upturned test tube above an upturned plant.

Put the apparatus in the light for photosynthesis

When you have collected a full tube of gas place a glowing splint inside the test tube and it will light because of the oxygen present.

21
Q

What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  • light intensity
  • carbon dioxide
  • temperature
22
Q

How can you measure the rate of photosynthesis?

A

By measuring how much oxygen or glucose a plant makes in a given time.

Glucose is used to produce new cells so you can also measure the rate of photosynthesis by calculating the increase in biomass in a given time

23
Q

How can you CALCULATE the rate of photosynthesis ?

A

Rate = 1➗t

Rate = 1 ➗ time

24
Q

How does light intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  • the higher the light intensity, the faster the rate of photosynthesis
  • this continues until photosynthesis reaches its maximum rate
25
Q

How does carbon dioxide affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  • the greater the carbon dioxide concentration, the faster the rate of reaction
  • the atmosphere only contains 0.04% of Carbon dioxide so it’s usually the limiting factor
  • farmers can artificially increase the levels of CO2 to increase the rate of photosynthesis
26
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis is a series of enzyme controlled reaction so the higher the temperature the faster the rate of reaction but if the temperature is too high the enzymes will denature and the reaction will stop.

27
Q

What is the inverse square law?

A

When you double the distance from a light source the light intensity falls by a factor of 4

Relative light intensity = 1 ➗(distance from light source)^2

28
Q

How can you alter light intensity to study its effect on photosynthesis

A
  • place a light source different distances from the plant
29
Q

How can you alter carbon dioxide concentration to study its effect on photosynthesis

A

Add different masses of potassium hydrogen carbonate powder to the water

Potassium hydrogen carbonate releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

30
Q

How can you alter temperature to study its effect on photosynthesis

A

Place the apparatus in water baths at different temperatures

31
Q

How can you investigate the rate of photosynthesis

A

Using (e,g ) elodea (pondweed)

The volume of oxygen given of per minute is a measure of the rate of photosynthesis. You can measure this by counting the number of bubbles produced per minute