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B1 (ACTUAL))))) > b1.4-b1.8 > Flashcards

b1.4-b1.8 Flashcards

1
Q

What do plants compete for?

A

Space
Light
Water

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2
Q

What do animals compete for?

A

Food
Territory
Mate
Water

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3
Q

Define interspecific competition

A

Competition between members of different species

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4
Q

Give an example of interspecific competition

A

Red and grey squirrels competing for food

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5
Q

Define intraspecific competition

A

Competition between members of the same species

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6
Q

Give an example of intraspecific competition

A

Male zebras fight to defend territory

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7
Q

Define an extremophile

A

An organism that has adapted to thrive in extreeme conditions

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8
Q

Give examples of extreme environments

A

Extreme temp
Hyper saline lakes
High pressure (sea bed)
Acidic lakes

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9
Q

Give an example of an extremophile and what their habitat is

Explain how they are adapted for their enviornment

A

Deep sea pompeii worm
Hydrothermal vents

Withstands temp ~100 degrees
Uses thick layer of bacteria (hidden in papery tube)
-->DETOXIFIES VENT FLUID FOR WORM
---->HIDES BACTERIA FROM PREY 
=mutually beneficial
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10
Q

Define adaptations

A

Physical or behavioural characteristics that an organism possesses which enables them to survive in their specific enviornment

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11
Q

What adaptations do animals in cold climates possess?

How do these help them thrive?

GIVE AN EXAMPLE

A 
POLAR BEARS
Small SA:V ratio
-->reduces heat loss
Black skin 
-->maximises absorbtion of heat (reduces radiation)
Thick layer of blubber
-->insulation
White fur
-->camoflage against snow
Strong legs
-->Extra power+speed offers advantage when hunting prey
Hibernate
-->Avoid coldest season
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12
Q

What adaptations do animals in hot arid climates possess?

How do these help them thrive?

GIVE AN EXAMPLE

A 
MEERKATS
High SA:V ratio
-->body heat lost more readily
Low body fat
-->reduces insulation
Sandy coloured thin fur
-->camoflage against sand/reduces insulation
Nocturnal
-->Avoids hottest part of the day
Little sweat+Concentrated urine
-->Reduced water loss 
Omnivores
-->Can eat any available food
Closed eyes w/ clear membrane
-->Shield from loose dirt
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13
Q

What adaptations do plants living in cold climates have?

How do these allow them to thrive in their enviornment?

GIVE A NAMED EXAMPLE

A 
ARCTIC PLANTS
Grow bunched together+close to ground
-->preserve heat/avoid wind
Shallow root systems
-->skim thin unfrozen layer on top of permafrost
Fuzzy coverings on stems,leaves and buds
-->insulation
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14
Q

How adaptations do plants growing in hot, low water climates?
How do these adaptations allow them to thrive?

GIVE A NAMED EXAMPLE

A 
CACTI
Small SA:V ratio
-->Reduces evapotransporation 
Thick stem 
-->stores water 
Shallow and extensive roots
-->Absorb water quickly over a large area
Spines instead of leaves
-->leaves loose water vapour from large SA
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15
Q

Name a plant that has adapted to live on nutrient low soil

How have they adapted to thrive in this environment?

A

VENUS FLY TRAP
Carnivorous
–>Doesn’t rely on nutrient low soil–>finds nutrients from other sources
Toothlike hairs on edges of leaves-Sensitive to vibrations
–>Can sense potential prey
Sweet smelling nectar
–>Attracts insects to eat

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16
Q

How have organisms adapted to deter predators?

Give specific examples

A 
Armour
-->roses have thorns
-->tortoises have shells
Poison
-->poison ivy
-->bees
Warning colours
-->wasps
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17
Q

Define mimics

A

Animals that look or act like poisonous animals

–>so that other organisms mistake them for this animal and don’t attack them

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18
Q

Give an example of a mimic

A

SCARLET RING SNAKE mimics stripes of deadly CORAL SNAKE

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19
Q

Define a bioindicator

A

A living organism that is sensitive to change it=n it’s environment and so can be used to indicate pollution and to understand effect of human activities

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20
Q

Give an example of a bioindicator for air pollution

Explain how and why they are a bioindicator

A

Lichen

Sensitive to conc. of sulfur dioxide in atmosphere
Clean air=more lichens
–>No. in a place and type indicates how clean the air is/how polluted w sulfur dioxide

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21
Q

Give an example of a bioindicator for no water pollution

Explain how and why they are a bioindicator

A

Mayfly Larvae

V sensitive to conc. of dissolved oxygen in water
Large no=clean water

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22
Q

Give an example of a bioindicator for high levels of water pollution

Explain how and why they are a bioindicator

A

Rat-tailed Maggot

Invertebrate species that have adapted to live in stagnant water
–>Indicate high levels of water pollution

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23
Q

What does the increase in a bacterial population in a river indicate?

Why

A

Presence of sewage

–>use up oxygen

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24
Q

What are non-living indicators that humans use to track the effect of our activity on earth?

Describe how they work

A

Automatic weather stations

–>contain sens/accurate thermometers–>reads atmospheric temp.
–>Measure rainfall using raing gauges
(measure how average rainfall changes every year)

Satellites

  • ->measure temp of sea surface
  • ->measure amount of snow/ changes in ice coverage

GIVE GLOBAL COVERAGE

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25
Q

Give examples of living and non-living factors which change environments constantly

A

LIVING
population of predators
population of prey/availability of food source
population of competitors

NON-LIVING
change in av. temp
change in av. rainfall
change in water/air pollution

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26
Q

What are the three ways in which changing environments can affect a population?

A

DECREASES

INCREASES

DISTRIBUTION CHANGES

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27
Q

Give an example of a population decreasing

Give reasons for this change

A

Bees

COULD BE:

  • pesticides having negative effects
  • less food
  • more disease
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28
Q

Give an example of a population increasing

Give reasons for this change

A

Predator species

–>prey population has increased
=more available food
=more predators survive to reproduce

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29
Q

Give an example of a population changing distribution

Give reasons for this change

A

ORGANISMS MIGRATING SEASONALLY ANNUALLY
–>follow resources that are necessary for their ssurvival

EG
temp rising unfavourably–>will move to climate w desired conditions

RINGED PLOVERS
–>sweden->Uk = more mild

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30
Q

What does each bar in a pyramid of biomass represent?

A

Mass of living material at that stage of the food chain

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31
Q

Why is a pyramid of biomass always useful in comparison to a pyramid of population?

A

Provides more accurate representation of how much energy is passed at each trophic level

32
Q

What does the bottom bar on a PofB represent?

A

Producer

33
Q

What is a producer?

A

Autotroph
–>makes own food from photosynthesis

Botoom of food chain

34
Q

What is a primary consumer?

A

Eats producer

35
Q

What is a secondary consumer?

A

Eats primary consumer

36
Q

What is an apex predator?

A

A predator that is not the prey of any organism

37
Q

What is the most efficient food chain?

Why?

A

Least amount of trophic levels

–>least amount of energy lost to respiration and excretion of organisms

38
Q

Where is energy lost to in a food chain?

A 
Excretion
Respiration
-->Warmth
-->Growth
-->Movement
39
Q

Why are there rarely food chains with more than 5 trophic levels?

A

Wont support apex predator

–>energy lost at every trophic level

40
Q

Define an anabolic reaction

A

A reaction that makes something

41
Q

Give 2 examples of anabolic reactions

A

Protein synthesis

Cell division

42
Q

Define a catabolic reaction

A

A reaction that breaks something down

43
Q

Give 2 examples of catabolic reactions

A

Respiration

Digestion

44
Q

Define decay

A

The breakdown of organic material (living/once living carbon biomass) by detrivores or microbes

45
Q

Define organic material

A

Living or once living biomass

46
Q

Which organisms contribute to decay?

A

DETRIVORES
worms,woodlice,minibeasts

MICROBES
bacteria,fungi

47
Q

What are the three stages of decay?

A

Enzyme breakdown

Absorbtion of carbohydrates

Aerobic respiration of dead organic matter–>need oxygen–>release carbon dioxide and heat

48
Q

Name the three factors affecting the rate of decomposition

Describe how

A 
MOISTURE
-needed for survival of detrivus feeders
OXYGEN LEVELS
-needed for respiration
TEMPERATURE
-needed for survival of detrivus feeders/helps decay
49
Q

Define the carbon cycle

A

The constant recycling of carbon

50
Q

What is the only biological process which absorbs carbon from the atmosphere?

A

Photosynthesis

51
Q

Which biological processes release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere?

A

Decay
Respiration
(Combustion-ffs-plant/animal products)

52
Q

What is genetic variation?

A

Natural variation within a species

53
Q

Define discontinuous variation

A

Can be categorised

54
Q

Give two examples of discontinuous variation

A

Eye colour

Skin colour

55
Q

Define continuous variation

A

Has a numerical value on continuing scale

56
Q

Give two examples of continuous data

A

Weight

Height

57
Q

What causes genetic variation of an offspring from their parents

A

The combination of genetic material

58
Q

Define environmental variation

A

The environment an organism lives and grows in causes difference in members of same species

59
Q

Give an example of genetic variation

A

Eye colour

Blood group

60
Q

Give an example of environmental variation

A

Losing a limb

Plants growing spindly w/ yellow leave (instead of green–>little access to light)

61
Q

Give an example of variation that is due to a mix of genetic and environmental variation

A

Academic success

Max height of a plan

62
Q

Define alleles

A

Different versions of gene–>results in diff versions of a characteristic

63
Q

What are genes responsible for?

A

Specific characteristics

64
Q

What is the basis of sexual reproduction

A

Genetic information from 2 different organisms are combined to produce offspring which are genetically different to either parent

65
Q

What chromosomes do sperm carry?

A

HAPLOID

23 chromosomes

66
Q

What chromosomes do eggs carry?

A

HAPLOID

23

67
Q

What is the process of asexual reproduction

A

Cell replicates it’s genetic information

Divides in 2

68
Q

What are the differences between sexual and asexual reproduction?

A 
Asexual:
One parent
No fusing of gametes
Diploid to diploid
No genetic variation 
Sexual:
Two parents
Fusing of gametes
Haploid+Haploid=Diploid
Genetic variation
69
Q

Explain the process of binary fission

A

X shaped chromosomes have two identical halves
–>split into 2
=Two identical sets of chromosomes
Membrane forms around each set
–>DNA replicates itself to be a full set

=Two identical cells
=Both have full sets of DNA

70
Q

Explain the process of cloning plants from plants

A

Cuttings taken from healthy plant
Dipped in ACC and planted
–>Will grow into genetically identical clones of parents

71
Q

Explain the process of embryo transplant cloning

A

Sperm taken from male
Egg taken from female
–>Sperm artificially fertilises egg
Embryo split many times whilst still in stem cell phase into smaller embryos
–>Implanted into uterus of surrogate mother
=Offspring which are genetically identical to each other

72
Q

Explain the process of adult cell cloning

A 
Egg cell enucleated
Diploid nucleus of somatic cell removed
Insertion of nucelusinto enucleated egg
Stimulated by electric chock-->to divide by mitosis
-->=FUSED CELL
DEVELOPS INTO EMBRYO
=DOLLY THE SHEEP
73
Q

What are the pros and cons ethically of adult cell cloning

A 
PROS
Preservation of endangered species 
Produces ideal offspring
CONS
Reduced gene pool-->higher risk of large spread effects of genetic diseases
Health complications
Ethics surrounding
74
Q

Define genetic engineering

A

Planting a useful gene from one organism into the genome of another using restriction enzymes in order to produce an organism with desired/useful characteristics

75
Q

Explain the process of genetically engineering bacteria to produce human insulin

A

Isolate healthy human insulin and cut it out of chromosome–>RESTRICTION ENZYMES
Inserted into plasmin of bacteria–>RESTRICTION ENZYMES
Bacteria fermented in tank reproduce asexually)
–>Will produce insulin
Extract:
use centrifuge
–>insulin float to top
–>STERILISE
=sold for use by diabetics

76
Q

What are the pros and cons of GM crops?

A

PROS
Increased crop yields
Produce useful products

CONS
Possible allergies
Reduce farmland biodiversity
Unknown long term effect

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