B1.4/5 Specialization in animal and plant cells Flashcards
differentiation definition
the process which cells will change and acquire new internal structures to carry out a specific function
adaptations of nerve cell
dendrites and nerve endings
long axon
what does a dendrites and nerve endings in a nerve cell do
makes connections allowing to communicate with other cells
what do a long axon in a nerve cell do
the cell is extended by axon so can connect to different parts of the body
adaptations of phloem tubes
sieve plants (broken cell walls)
have companion cells
what companion cells in a phloem tube do
phloem cells don’t have many internal structures so their companion cells keep them alive
what sieve plants (broken cell walls) in a phloem tube do
holes in the sieve plants allow the movement of dissolved sugars to be transported around the plant
adaptations of the sperm cell
tail, many mitochondria, acrosome, haploid nucleas
what does a tail in the sperm cell do
allows them to swim to the egg cell
what does many mitochondria in a sperm cell do
releases plenty of energy from respiration to function the tail
what does haploid nucleus in a sperm cell do
haploid = half
has half DNA needed to make embryo
what does acrosome in a sperm cell do
contains enzymes that allow it to penetrate the egg cell
adaptations of root hair cell
long extensions of cell membrane, thin walls, large vacuole, many mitochondria
what does long extensions of cell membrane in a root hair cell do
increases surface area of the cell to increase water absorption of mineral ions from the cell
what does thin walls in a root hair cell do
to not restrict the absorption of water
what does many mitochondria in a root hair cell do
releases energy from respiration to actively transport rare mineral ions from the soil
what does large vacuole in a root hair cell do
increases rate of osmosis
adaptations of muscle cells
cells fused together, many mitochondria
adaptations of xylem vessels (in plants)
dead cells fused together to from hollow tube, thick walls with spirals of lignin
what does cells fused together in the muscle cell do
forms muscle fibre that contract in unison to create strong pulling force
what does many mitochondria together in the muscle cell do
needed to release enough energy for muscle contraction
what does dead cells fused together to from hollow tube do in xylem vessels
creates single interrupted tube that allows water and mineral ions to move up the plant
what does thick walls with spirals of lignin do in xylem vessels
makes the walls woody and therefore strong. this allows to resist water pressure and support the plant
how big are eukaryotic cells
10-100 μm
how big are prokaryotic cells
0.1-0.5 μm
