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biologyyy > B1.3 Respiration > Flashcards

B1.3 Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Carbohydrates are organic molecules that all contain…

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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2
Q

Monosaccharides are…

A

The individual molecules (monomers) that build carbohydrates e.g:

  • glucose
  • fructose
  • galactose
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3
Q

Disaccharides can be formed from…

A

Two monosaccharides e.g:

  • glucose + fructose = sucrose
  • galactose + glucose = lactose
  • glucose + glucose = maltose
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4
Q

Carbohydrates are normally stored as…

A

Polysaccharides e.g. starch, glycogen and cellulose.

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5
Q

Proteins are organic molecules that all contain…

A

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen.

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6
Q

Proteins are made from…

A

About 20 amino acid monomers.

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7
Q

Amino acids are linked together by…

A

Peptide bonds to form polypeptides which form proteins

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8
Q

Protease is…

A

The enzyme that breakdown proteins into amino acids.

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9
Q

State the difference between anabolism and catabolism.

A
  • Anabolism = biosynthsis, the building up of larger molecules from small molecules
  • Catabolism = biodegregation, the breaking down of large molecules into smaller molecules
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10
Q

State the three enzymes that breakdown the disaccharides maltose, sucrose and lactose.

A
  1. Maltase = maltose = glucose + glucose
  2. Sucrase = sucrose = glucose + fructose
  3. Lactase = lactose = galactose + glucose
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11
Q

What does the enzyme amylase catalyse?

A

The breakdown of the polysaccaride starch into the disaccharide maltose.

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12
Q

Lipids are energy dense organic molecules that all contain…

A

carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

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13
Q

Lipids are made from…

A

One glycerol molecule and three fatty acids molecules.

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14
Q

The enzyme… breaksdown lipids into fatty acids and gylcerol.

A

Lipase

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15
Q

What is cellular respiration and what does it do?

A
  • A continually occurring and universal process
  • Provides this energy in all living things.
  • Exothermic reaction
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16
Q

Cells need the energy released by cellular respiration to carry out all living processes including:

A
  1. Movement – energy is needed for muscle cells to contract.
  2. Biosynthesis – chemical reactions building up molecules
  3. Thermoregulation – keeping organisms warm
17
Q

State the main substrate of cellular respiration in animals?

A

Glucose

18
Q

Where does aerobic respiration occurs in eukaryotic cells, including animal and plant cells?

A

Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria.

19
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration occurs in eukaryotic cells, including animal and plant cells?

A

Anaerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm.

20
Q

What is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration?

A

C6H1206 + 02 → CO2 + H2O + ATP

21
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

22
Q

Why is respiration an oxidation reaction?

A

Oxygen is used to react with glucose to release energy in the form of ATP.

23
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Triphoshate

24
Q

Aerobic respiration is a series of enzyme-controlled reactions that can be divided into three main stages:

A
  1. Link reaction – Occurs in the matrix
  2. The Krebs cycle – Occurs in the matrix
  3. Electron transport chain – Occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane.
25
Q

What is glycolysis and where does it take place?

A
  • The first stage in cellular respiration
  • Anaerobic stage
  • Net gain of 2 ATP
  • Takes place in the cytoplasm
26
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Respiration in the abscence of oxygen.

27
Q

How does the energy released from anaerobic respiration compare to aerobic respiration?

A
  • Anaerobic respiration = 2 ATP
  • Aerobic respiration = 38 ATP
28
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respitation in animals?

A

glucose → lactic acid + ATP

29
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respitation in plants and microorganisms?

A

glucose → carbon dioxide + ethanol + ATP

30
Q

What is an ‘oxygen debt’?

A
  • As lactic acid is poisonous to the body it must be broken down using oxygen after anaerobic respiration.
  • Heavy breathing after exercise provides extra oxygen to breakdown the lactic acid and the extra oxygen required is known as the oxygen debt.
31
Q

When does anaerobic respiration take place in animals?

A

Normally during strenuous exercise when the demand for oxygen by muscles is greater than the oxygen that can be supplied from aerobic respiration.

32
Q

Anaerobic respiration in yeast is called…

A

Fermentation

33
Q

Name two commercial uses of fermentation.

A
  1. Bread making
  2. Brewing

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