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Biology Paper 2 > B13: Reproduction > Flashcards

B13: Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What does meiosis lead to?

A

Non-identical cells

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2
Q

What are the male and female gametes in plants?

A

Pollen and egg cells

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3
Q

What happens in sexual reproduction? What type of cell division is used here?

A

A mix in genetic information which leads to variety in the offspring. The formation of gametes involves meiosis

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4
Q

What happens in asexual reproduction? What type of cell division is used here?

A

No fusion of gametes due to one parent present. No mixing of genetic information, leading to identical offspring due to mitosis

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5
Q

What are the 3 key stages is meiosis?

A

Copies of genetic material are made, the cell divides twice to form 4 gametes, each with a single set of chromosomes and all gametes are genetically different from each other

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6
Q

What are 3 advantages of sexual reproduction?

A

Produces variation in the offspring, variation gives a survival advantage by natural selection and this can be speeded up by humans in selective breeding to increase food production

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7
Q

What are 3 advantages of asexual reproduction?

A

Only one parent needed, faster than reproduction and many identical offspring when conditions are favourable

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8
Q

List 3 organisms that reproduce both sexually and asexually

A

Malarial parasites, fungi and some plants like daffodils and strawberry plants

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9
Q

How do malarial parasites reproduce?

A

Asexually in human host, but sexually in mosquito

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10
Q

How do fungi reproduce?

A

Asexually by spores, but sexually to give variation

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11
Q

How do some plants reproduce?

A

Asexually by runners for strawberry plants, or bulb division for daffodils, but also sexually to produce seeds

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12
Q

Where is DNA contained

A

In the chromosomes, which are in the nucleus of a cell

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13
Q

What is a gene?

A

A small section of DNA on a chromosome

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14
Q

Why are genes useful?

A

They code for a particular sequence of amino acids, to make a specific protein

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15
Q

Give 3 reasons why understanding the human genome is important?

A

There can be searches for genes linked to different types of disease, an understanding and treatment of inherited disorders and can be used in tracing human migration patterns

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16
Q

What is the code for an amino acid?

A

A sequence of 3 bases

17
Q

Where are proteins synthesised?

A

On ribosomes

18
Q

What is the function of carrier molecules?

A

They bring specific amino acids to add to the growing protein chain in the correct order

19
Q

What are 3 uses of proteins in the body?

A

Enzymes, hormones and forming structures

20
Q

What is the function of non-coding parts?

A

They can switch genes on and off, so variations in these areas of DNA may affect how genes are expressed.

21
Q

What causes Polydactyly?

A

A dominant allele

22
Q

What causes Cystic Fibrosis?

A

A recessive allele

23
Q

Why is sexual reproduction being a quick process an advantage?

A

Because it can colonise a new area quickly

24
Q

What are 2 disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A

No genetic variation, meaning that a whole population could be wiped out due to disease and less chance of adapting to new conditions

25
Q

What is a disadvantage of sexual reproduction?

A

Takes more time and energy

26
Q

What is an allele?

A

A different version of the same gene

27
Q

What is a genotype?

A

A collection of all the alleles we have

28
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The characteristic you get from the genotype, e.g. green eyes

29
Q

What are differences between mRNA and DNA?

A

Much shorter, contains uracil instead of thymine and only a single strand

30
Q

Why does DNA have to be copied to mRNA?

A

Because it is too big to leave the nucleus

31
Q

What increases the risk of a mutation?

A

Carcinogens and radioactive substances

32
Q

What are the 3 types of mutations?

A

Substitutions, insertions and deletions

33
Q

Where do most mutations occur?

A

In non-coding regions

34
Q

What is embryo screening?

A

The process of checking if an embryo has any genetic disorders, and these embryos can be discarded

35
Q

What are advantages of embryonic screening?

A

Saves money and reduces suffering as less people will have a disorder

36
Q

What are disadvantages of embryonic screening?

A

Implies that people with genetic disorders are undesirable, and people could be screening for other traits in the future

37
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

When cell membranes are covered with sticky mucus

Biology Paper 2 (9 decks)

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