Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bino Vision > B13 > Flashcards

B13 Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 things you must have to have normal bino vision?

A
  • VA has to the similar in both eyes and produce comparable cortical images in corresponding retinal areas
  • muscles must work correctly
  • images from each retina must be fused into a single image
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are 9 advantages of bino vision?

A
  • visual efficiency and performance
  • vision-motor tasks
  • sports and gaming
  • reading proficiency
  • a spare eye
  • larger bino field/blind spot coverage
  • better appreciation of dynamic relation between body and environment
  • single vision
  • depth perception
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are 7 problems with abnormal bino vision?

A
  • asthenopia
  • diplopia
  • rivalry
  • amblyopia
  • eccentric fixation
  • suppression
  • anomalous correspondence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

If someone has no stereo what does this mean?

A

They have no bino vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The collection and integration of information received at the retina and transmitted to the cortex

A

Sensory fusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

T/F: if is sensory fusion is affected by any condition, integration of the images from the 2 eyes will be abnormal

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the fundamental part of vision?

A

Sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name 7 causes of motor dysfunction

A
  • disease
  • incomitancies
  • latent manifestations (phorias)
  • manifest deviations
  • vergence quality (facility)
  • vergence quantity (amplitude)
  • nystagmus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When should motor problems be treated?

A

They should be treated last after identified sensory and integrative problems have been treated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name 5 causes of integrative problems

A
  • disease
  • aniseikonia (different size retinal images)
  • suppression
  • anomalous retinal correspondence
  • horror fusions (inability to fuse)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name the 5 causes of sensory dysfunction

A
  • disease
  • refractive error
  • amblyopia
  • eccentric fixation
  • accommodative insufficiency and infacility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is considered normal single bino vision?

A

Bifoveal with no deviation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is considered abnormal bino vision regarding the fovea?

A

When the fovea of one eye projects with a non fovea point of the other eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Is misalignment usually present with abnormal bino vision?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Localized the visual percept in a visual direction that is relative to the direction of the fovea

A

Retinal area/element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

If the eyes are properly aligned, an image is received on ___ areas of the retinas

A

Matching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

If the eyes are functioning normally, will the images will be the same size and color?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What 4 things does the stimulus perceive when the retinal areas is stimulated?

A
  • brightness
  • color
  • form
  • direction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

T/F: matching retinal elements have different visual directions

A

False. They have the same visual direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Considered the retinomotor zero point

A

Fovea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

T/F: all points in space falling along the visual line have the same visual direction

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

This is used to build interpretation of 3D images in space

A

Visual direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What 2 things are normal when there is precise and clear bifoveal fixation?

A

Bino vision and fusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

If there is abnormal bino vision is the visual direction the same or different?

A

Different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the principal visual direction and the center?

A

Fovea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

In strabismus, this is when a non-fovea point assumes the characteristics of the principal visual direction

A

Eccentric fixation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Is visual direction subjective or objective?

A

Subjective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Is the line of direction subjective or objective?

A

Objective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The line that connects an object with its image on the retina

A

Line of direction/visual axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

When the visual axes of the fovea intersect at a fixation point

A

Binocular fixation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

When objects simultaneously stimulate the fovea of both eyes, the object is in the ___ subjective visual direction

A

Same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

When only one line of direction goes to fixation

A

Monocular fixation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The ability for visual neurons to process direction and to identify fixed direction in space

A

Local sign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

A pair of points in each eye when stimulated appear to lie in the same visual direction

A

Corresponding retinal points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

T/F: any disruption at the fovea will lead to a disruption in visual direction

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

A point 1 degree nasal to the fovea in one eye corresponds to a point ___ to the fovea in the other

A

1 degree temporal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

A plane in space where all points appear to have the same depth

A

Horopter

38
Q

T/F: points not on the horopter are seen by different retinal areas, producing double

A

True

39
Q

A circle that passes through the center or the rotation of both eyes and the fixation points

A

Vieth-Muller Circle

40
Q

Does the vieth-muller circle become bigger or smaller when the point of fixation is nearer?

A

Smaller

41
Q

A narrow band around the horopter that allows objects from disparate/dissimilar retinal points to be seen as single

A

Panum’s Fusional Area

42
Q

Panums fusional area is ___ around fixation and becomes ___ into the periphery

A

Narrow around fixation and becomes broad into the periphery

43
Q

What is the purpose of panums fusional area broadening in the periphery?

A
  • to maintain vision because of eccentricity

- to eliminate diplopia in the periphery

44
Q

Does eccentricity increase or decrease vision?

A

Decrease

45
Q

T/F: The panums fusional area for a sharply focused fast object is not as wide a for a fuzzy and slow moving target

A

True

46
Q

T/F: fusion is possible if a target falls within the panums fusional area with little disparity

A

True

47
Q

What is physiological diplopia?

A

Diplopia that is elicited by points off the horopter

48
Q

When is physiological diplopia seen?

A

When a target does not lie on the horopter and is outside the panums area

49
Q

When we have diplopia will the retinal elements be in the same or different directions?

A

2 different directions

50
Q

When 2 nasal retinal elements do not have the same visual direction, this will cause ____ which is ___ the horopter

A

Causes uncrossed diplopia beyond the horopter

51
Q

When 2 temporal retinal elements do not have the same visual direction, this will cause ____ which is ___ the horopter

A

Cause crossed diplopia before the horopter

52
Q

When will the image fall on the horopter?

A

When the visual direction is on the temporal retinal element OS and a nasal retinal element OD

53
Q

The unification from both eyes to form a perception

A

Fusion

54
Q

Fusion needs similar ___ and ____

A

Shape and size

55
Q

Why does fusion near the fovea only tolerate little dissimilarity between images

A

Because of the small receptive field

56
Q

Where is dissimilarity tolerated?

A

In the periphery where receptive fields are larger

57
Q

Integration of images on corresponding retinal points to form a single percept.

A

Sensory

58
Q

Vergence movement to maintain retinal images at corresponding retinal points.

A

Motor

59
Q

Deviation between the empirical horopter and the vieth muller circle

A

Hering-holler and deviation

60
Q

Are disparities perceived as one in the panums fusional vertical or horizontal?

A

Horizontal

61
Q

Name 3 characteristics of the peripheral VF

A
  • reduce VA due to increased eccentricity
  • larger receptive field
  • diplopia is less bothersome because of the expanded panums fusional area
62
Q

____ of the optic nerve at the chiasm gives rise to retinal elements that are corresponding retinal points

A

Decussation

63
Q

Decussation is important for what 2 things?

A

Bino vision and stereo

64
Q

List the pathway of processing visual information to a single perceived image

A

Visual info—> optics nerve—> optic tract —> LGN —> Visual cortex—> single perceived image

65
Q

T/F: Physiological diplopia means the patient can only use one eye

A

False. The patient can use both eyes

66
Q

T/F: Corresponding retinal points that have the same visual direction DO NOT give information about depth or the 3D quality.

A

True

67
Q

Images are projected differently with one eye at a time

A

Binocular disparity

68
Q

When precepts from both eyes merge, why is there depth?

A

Because the disparity in the projection of the individual eyes

69
Q

Does horizontal or vertical retinal disparity offer depth?

A

Horizontal

70
Q

Is stereo a higher form of bino or mono cooperation?

A

Bino

71
Q

Is depth perception considered a bino or mono cue?

A

Mono cue

72
Q

What type of monocular cues does depth perception have?

A
  • object overlap
  • object size
  • shadows
  • perspective
73
Q

Depth perception is seen in what 2 things?

A

Local stereo and 3D movies

74
Q

Is stereo learned or acquired?

A

Automatically acquired

75
Q

When will a child develop stereo?

A

6 months

76
Q

Is depth perception learned or acquired?

A

Learned. You get it from experience and learning how to judge distance

77
Q

Mono Cue: same distant subject appear smaller than the same subject at near

A

Linear perspective

78
Q

Mono cue: an object in front covers an object that is behind.

A

Occlusion

79
Q

Mono Cue: an object that is near appears to have a shorter excursion than a distal object when you move your head. (Closer objects appear to move faster)

A

Motion parallax

80
Q

Mono Cue: solid objects cast a shadow. The position of the shadow shows depression and elevations

A

Shadow/shade

81
Q

Mono Cue: if an object is bigger, it is judged as nearer.

A

Size of known object

82
Q

Mono Cue: the object that interrupts contour of another is seen as being in front.

A

Overlaying contour

83
Q

Simultaneous binocular perception of dissimilar objects that are projected in the same direction

A

First degree fusion

84
Q

Single simultaneous, binocular perception of identical targets with dissimilar parts (suppression check)

A

Second degree fusion

85
Q

Fusion of disparate targets, resulting in a 3D percept.

A

3rd degree fusion

86
Q

Theory: There is a one to one retino-cortical relationship between the eyes. A given retinal area (point AR) shares a common subjective visual direction with an area of the other retina (point AL).

A

Correspondence and disparity theory

87
Q

When dissimilar retinal areas are stimulated by one object, what is reported?

A

Diplopia

88
Q

Does depth increase or decrease with disparity?

A

Increases

89
Q

If disparity persists, what occurs?

A

Diplopia

90
Q

Does disparity increase or decrease the quality of stereo?

A

Decreases

91
Q

T/F: The receptive field of a visual neuron/cell is the part of the visual field that can influence the firing of that cell.

A

True

92
Q

T/F: neurons that can be maximally and simultaneously stimulated are likely involved in binocular vision.

A

True

Bino Vision (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions