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Biology Unit 1 > B1.2 Nerves and Hormones > Flashcards

B1.2 Nerves and Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the purpose of the nervous system?

A

To enable humans to react to their surroundings and coordinate their behaviour

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2
Q

Name the five sense organs and their receptors.

A
  • Eyes : light receptors
  • Ears : sound receptors, balance receptors (detecting change in position)
  • Nose : smell receptors
  • Tongue : taste receptors
  • Skin : touch, pressure, pain and temperature change receptors
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3
Q

Define ‘reflex’?

A

A fast automatic response of the body to a potentially dangerous stimulus

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4
Q

What is the CNS?

A

A system consisting of the brain and spinal cord where all the information from sense organs is sent and where reflexes and actions are coordinated.

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5
Q

Describe the reflex arc.

A
  • Stimulus detected by receptor
  • Impulses sent along sensory neurone
  • Impulse reaches synapse
  • Electric impulse in relay neurone
  • Impulse reaches synapse
  • Electric impulse in motor neurone
  • Impulse reaches effector
  • Response
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6
Q

What happens at a synapse?

A
  • The nerve signal is transferred by chemicals which diffuse across the gap
  • The chemicals set off a new electrical signal in the next neurone
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7
Q

Define ‘synapse’

A

A connection between two neurones

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8
Q

Define ‘hormone’

A

Chemical messengers which travel in the blood to activate target cells, co-ordinating many processes in the body.

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9
Q

Where are hormones produced?

A

In glands

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10
Q

What is the difference between a nerve and a hormone?

A
  • Nerve = fast action vs Hormone = slower action
  • Nerve = act for a short time vs Hormone = act for a longer time
  • Nerve = act on a precise area vs Hormone = act in a more general way
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11
Q

What is the function of LH and where is it produced?

A
  • Pituitary gland

- Stimulates ovulation

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12
Q

What is the function of oestrogen and where is it produced?

A
  • Ovaries
  • Causes pituitary gland to produce LH
  • Inhibits further release of FSH
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13
Q

What is the function of FSH and where is it produced?

A
  • Pituitary gland
  • Stimulates egg maturation
  • Stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen
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14
Q

What is the function of progesterone and where is it produced?

A
  • Ovaries

- Maintains uterus lining

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15
Q

Name 2 functions of the uterus

A
  • Feeds foetus

- Protects foetus

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16
Q

What period is stage 1 of the menstrual cycle and what happens?

A

Day 1 - 4

Lining of the uterus breaks down

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17
Q

What period is stage 2 of the menstrual cycle and what happens?

A

Day 4 - 14

Lining of the uterus builds up

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18
Q

What period is stage 3 of the menstrual cycle and what happens?

A

Day 14

An egg is released

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19
Q

What period is stage 4 of the menstrual cycle and what happens?

A

Day 14 -28

The lining of the uterus is maintained

20
Q

Define ‘contraception’

A

A substance preventing conception

21
Q

What do modern pills contain lower doses of oestrogen?

A

There were concerns about links to dangerous side effects e.g blood clots

22
Q

What two hormones do modern pills contain and why?

A
  • Progesterone: stimulates the production of thick cervical mucus stopping sperm reaching the egg
  • Oestrogen: inhibits production of FSH (no more egg maturation)
23
Q

What are the advantages of the pill?

A
  • Over 99% efficient at preventing pregnancy

- Reduces risk of some cancers

24
Q

What are the disadvantages of the pill?

A
  • Isn’t 100% efficient
  • Side effects e.g headaches, irregular menstrual bleeding
  • Doesn’t protect against STDs
25
Q

What two hormones are injected as fertility treatment?

A
  • FSH

- LH

26
Q

What are the disadvantages of fertility treatment?

A
  • Expensive
  • Doesn’t always work
  • Too many eggs could be stimulated
27
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintaining of a constant internal environment

28
Q

What does the body control?

A
  • Ion content
  • Water content
  • Sugar content
  • Temperature
29
Q

Where do ions in the body come from?

A

Absorbed into the blood from food

30
Q

How are excess ions removed?

A

By the kidneys in urine and sweat

31
Q

How is water lost?

A

Via the skin when we sweat, the lungs when we breathe, and the kidneys in urine

32
Q

Why is temperature maintained at 37c degrees?

A

To maintain the temperature at which enzymes work best

33
Q

Why do blood sugar levels need to be controlled?

A

To provide the cells with a constant supply of energy.

34
Q

Explain how shoots respond to light.

A
  • When the shoot tip is exposed to light, more auxin accumulates on the side in shade than light.
  • This makes cells grow faster in the shaded side so the shoot bends towards light.
35
Q

Explain how shoots respond to gravity.

A
  • When a shoot is growing sideways, gravity produces an unequal distribution of auxin in the tip, with more auxin on the lower side.
  • The lower side grows faster, bending the shoot upwards.
36
Q

Explain how roots respond to gravity.

A
  • A root growing sideways has more auxin on the lower side.

- Cells on the top grow faster (the bottom ones are inhibited by the auxin) and the roots bend downwards.

37
Q

Explain how roots respond to moisture.

A
  • More auxin on the side with moisture

- Inhibits growth on that side, causing the root to bend in that direction - towards the moisture.

38
Q

What is the plant growth hormone and where is it produced?

A
  • Auxin

- Produced in the tip

39
Q

What does auxin do in roots and shoots?

A
  • Roots: inhibits growth

- Shoots: promotes growth

40
Q

How does a shoot with the tip cut off grow?

A
  • No auxin available

- Shoot won’t grow

41
Q

How does a shoot with the tip covered grow?

A
  • Auxin will stay in the shade, so in the tip where it is produced
  • Causes elongation behind the tip causing the shoot to grow
42
Q

Explain the process of IVF

A
  • FSH and LH are given to stimulate egg production
  • Eggs are collected from the ovaries and fertilised in the lab using a man’s sperm
  • Once the embryos are tiny balls of cells, one or two are transferred to the woman’s uterus.
43
Q

What are the arguments for IVF?

A
  • Allows couples who have difficulty conceiving children - one biologically their own.
  • Allows women who have difficulty conceiving the experience of pregnancy and bond with the child.
44
Q

What are the arguments against IVF?

A
  • Too many children in adoption centres
  • High cost to NHS (could be spent on something else)
  • Could lead to designer babies (embryos can be screened)
  • Strong reactions to hormones e.g vomiting
  • Risk of multiple births and miscarriages
45
Q

Describe two uses of plant hormones in agriculture.

A
  • Weedkillers : they only disrupt the growth of weeds

- Rooting hormones : ensuring plant cuttings grow in soil

Biology Unit 1 (8 decks)

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