Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Motility > B12 > Flashcards

B12 Flashcards

1
Q

Is a nystagmus voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

An involuntary rhythmic oscillation of one or both eyes

A

Nystagmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The shaking, dancing, jerking, or wobbling of the eyes

A

Nystagmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A type of nystagmus that has both quick corrective saccade and slow movements away from fixation

A

Jerk nystagmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

This phase brings the eyes back to the target during a jerk nystagmus

A

Fast corrective saccade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

A type of nystagmus with to and fro movements of equal velocity in each direction

A

Pendular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The type of nystagmus has a sinusoidal movement without a fast phase

A

Pendular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What phase is a jerk nystagmus characterized by?

A

Fast phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The slow phase in a jerk nystagmus reflects what?

A

There is an abnormality/pathology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A left jerk nystagmus has a slow movement to the ____ and a fast corrective jerk movement to the ____

A

Slow to the right and fast to the left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 4 different directions/movements of a nystagmus?

A
  • Horizontal (side to side)
  • vertical (up and down)
  • torsional (rotary)
  • combination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

size/extent of movement between the start of the drift away from fixation to the start of the corrective movement (in the opposite direction)

A

Nystagmus amplitude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The number of oscillations per unit time

A

Frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

This means a waveform completes a full rotation in 1 sec

A

One hertz (cycle/sec)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The greater the number of beats, the ___ the frequency

A

Higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is considered a fast nystagmus?

A

> 2Hz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is considered a slow nystagmus?

A

<2 Hz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where the intensity of the nystagmus diminished and the VA improves

A

Null point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

If someone has a null point in L gaze, how will they move their head?

A

To the right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

For someone with a latent nystagmus (changes with occlusion), the fast phase is towards the _____ eye

A

Uncovered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

For a latent nystagmus will the amplitude and frequency increase or decrease?

A

Increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

A latent component usually indicates a ____ condition

A

Congenital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Amplitude may ____ with convergence

A

Decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

T/F: nystagmus is a sign of a problem

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the 3 etiologies of nystagmus?

A
  • genetics
  • developmental abnormalities
  • ocular pathology/conditions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the 3 anterior segment conditions associated with nystagmus?

A
  • congenital cataract
  • congenital glaucoma
  • iridocorneal dysgenesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

This type of foveal condition is associated with a nystagmus

A

Foveal hypoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the 3 optic nerve disorders associated with nystagmus?

A
  • optic nerve hypoplasia
  • optic nerve coloboma
  • optic atrophy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the 3 primary sensory retinal abnormalities associated with a nystagmus?

A
  • leber congenital amaurosis
  • achromatopsia
  • congenital station also night blindness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the 4 vitreoretinal abnormalities associated with a nystagmus?

A
  • coloboma involving the macula
  • familial exudate vitreoretinopathy
  • retinal dysplasia
  • retinoblastoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the 3 type of foveal hypoplasia’s that are associated with a nystagmus?

A
  • albinism
  • aniridia
  • isolated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the 4 infectious diseases associated with a nystagmus?

A
  • congenital toxoplasmosis
  • cytomegalovirus
  • rubella
  • syphillis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the 4 types of physiological nystagmus’?

A
  • endpoint
  • rotational
  • caloric
  • optokinetic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Name the 9 types of pathological nystagmus’?

A
  • congenital
  • latent/manifest
  • acquired
  • spasmus nutans
  • vestibular
  • gaze paretic
  • see-saw
  • convergence-retraction
  • downbeat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

T/F: children with congenital nystagmus will complain about the problem

A

False. They seldom complain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are some neurological signs or symptoms you should ask about?

A
  • dizziness
  • pain
  • numbness
  • poor balance
  • ringing in the ears
  • seizure
  • weakness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Can a nystagmus be better in certain gazes, tilts or turns?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Nystagmus from motor coordination problems result in a ____ VA loss than nystagmus with sensory issues

A

Less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Decreased VA is more likely in motor or sensory?

A

Sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Should you do VA’s mono only, bino only, or both at D and N for someone with a nystagmus?

A

Do mono and bino at D and N

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Can near VA’s be better than distance vision in someone with a nystagmus?

A

Yep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

T/F: when testing for a nystagmus the patient should be sitting straight up with head positioned straight

A

False. They should be in their preferred head position at D and N to assess true functional vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

If there is an objection to occlusion, how should test for a nystagmus?

A

Assess their visual behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Do you want to assess eye movements in all 9 positions of gaze?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

These 3 tests can be valuable to determine if the corneal reflex appears symmetrical in both eyes

A
  • hirschberg
  • krimsky
  • Bruckners
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Since cover test is difficult in someone with a latent nystagmus what can be used in place of a paddle?

A

A +5.00 lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What type of test will allow you to determine if a patient has a phoria

A

Stereo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What test can be used for suppression testing for someone with a nystagmus?

A

W4D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

If the patient has a very small nystagmus what can you do to get a better view?

A

Look in the slit lamp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

If there is no cooperation with the slit lamp, what can you use to assess the nystagmus?

A

A 20D lens or a hand held slit lamp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Do you want to dilate a patient with a nystagmus?

A

Yes, so you can get a completely evaluation of the retina and periphery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What can help identify lebers or congenital retinal blindness?

A

ERG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What should you do if the MRI is normal, fundus appears normal, but there is decreased VA and nystagmus.

A

Order an ERG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

When should you run a CT and MRI for someone with a nystagmus?

A

If it is acquired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

If someone has a recent onset or/and nystagmus that has not been diagnosed, what should you do?

A

Refer to neuro

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Sensation of the environment moving

A

Oscillopsia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

A feeling of being off balance

A

Vertigo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

The position of gaze where the eyes are quiet for someone with a nystagmus

A

Null point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Someone with this type of nystagmus, you should always warn them to not drink and drive

A

Endpoint nystagmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

A nystagmus with small amplitude and variable frequency that has an intermittent conjugate jerk, worse when tired, and symmetrical in R and L gaze

A

Endpoint nystagmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Someone with an endpoint nystagmus will have a nystagmus seen in both eye when an extreme ___ gaze (greater than ___ degrees of midline) is held for a prolonged amount of time

A

Extreme lateral gaze and greater than 30 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Type of nystagmus: jerk nystagmus due to head or body rotation.

A

Rotational nystagmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

A rotational nystagmus is related to ____ in the semicircular canals

A

Endolymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

In rotational nystagmus, the normal response is slow conjugate eye movement then fast phase in the _____ direction of the rotation

A

Opposite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Type of nystagmus: Conjugate, jerk nystagmus produced during the caloric testing of the vestibular system.

A

Caloric nystagmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

In a normal caloric response,

For cold water: nystagmus with fast phase towards the ____ ear

For warm water: nystagmus with fast phase towards the ____ ear

A

Cold: opposite
Warm: same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Type of nystagmus: Slow pursuit eye movement followed by a fast corrective saccade because a visual field moves over the retina (determined with a drum)

A

Optokinetic nystagmus

68
Q

When will you see a fast corrective saccade in an optokinetic nystagmus

A

When fixating on a new stripe

69
Q

Is the head still or moving in the OKN?

70
Q

When does an optokinetic nystagmus develop?

A

3-5 months of age

71
Q

OKN can be used for what type of patients?

A

Malingering and uncooperative patients

72
Q

How is someone with a congenital nystagmus going to react to an OKN?

A

They will show a reverse OKN response and could show a preserved vertical OKN response

73
Q

Name the 4 physiological types of nystagmus?

A

Endpoint
Rotational
Caloric
Optokinetic

74
Q

Physiological or pathological nystagmus: Dissociated movements with excessive oscillations in the presence of other ocular motor abnormalities.

A

Pathological

75
Q

When will will a congenital nystagmus present? And who is more prone boys or girls?

A

At or shortly after birth, boys

76
Q

Will someone with a congenital nystagmus have a strabismus?

A

Could be present

77
Q

Is conjugate, horizontal, oscillopsia present in congenital nystagmus?

78
Q

Is the etiology of congenital nystagmus more motor or sensory?

A

Motor (60%)

79
Q

Will someone with congenital nystagmus have a horizontal or vertical nystagmus?

A

Horizontal

80
Q

When will someone with congenital nystagmus have a head turn or tilt?

A

If the null point is not in primary

81
Q

With congenital nystagmus, the nystagmus ___ with fixation and __ with convergences

A

Increases with fixation and dampens with convergence

82
Q

Can a congenital nystagmus improve with age?

83
Q

Is a latent nystagmus seen in someone with a congenital nystagmus?

A

Yeah usually when one eye is covered

84
Q

Type of congenital etiology: inadequate image formation that results in a failure of development or normal fixation, poorer vision/bad VAs

A

Afferent etiology

85
Q

Type of congenital etiology: fixation and or motor issues that has a better VA and has cosmesis concerns

86
Q

A patient with congenital nystagmus that later develops an ET with a head turn

A

Nystagmus blocking syndrome

87
Q

Convergence usually ___ congenital nystagmus

88
Q

Type of nystagmus: a congenital, jerk nystagmus after occlusion of one eye

A

Latent nystagmus

89
Q

Is a latent nystagmus horizontal or vertical?

A

Horizontal

90
Q

In latent nystagmus the fast phase is towards the __ eye

91
Q

A latent nystagmus is associated with what 2 conditions?

A

Strabismus and amblyopia

92
Q

When a latent nystagmus occurs with both eyes open but one eye suppresses

A

Manifest latent nystagmus

93
Q

In mono VA increased or reduced with a latent nystagmus?

94
Q

In bino VA better or reduced with a latent nystagmus?

95
Q

A left jerk latent nystagmus is when the __ is covered

96
Q

Type of nystagmus: starts shortly after birth, pendular, usually bilateral, ad should be sent to neuro

A

Spasmus nutans

97
Q

When does spasmus nutans usually reduce by?

98
Q

Spasmus nutans can be associated with what 3 things?

A

Strabismus, amblyopia, and developmental delays

99
Q

Type of nystagmus: small/fine amplitude with high frequency, head nodding and possibilities torticollis

A

Spasmus nutans

100
Q

Type of nystagmus: pendular nystagmus where one eye elevates and intorts while the other depresses and extorts

A

See-saw nystagmus

101
Q

Someone with a see-saw nystagmus probable has a lesion in the ___ or a ___ in children

A

Lesion in Supra stellar area or craniopharyngioma in children

102
Q

See saw nystagmus is seen in what type of syndrome?

A

Joubert syndrome

103
Q

Type of nystagmus: a jerk vertical nystagmus in primary, that has a fast phase that beats down

A

Downbeat nystagmus

104
Q

A downbeat nystagmus is due to what type of abnormalities?

A

Cranio-cervical junction

Medications can also cause this

105
Q

Type of nystagmus: a jerk vertical nystagmus, with the fast phase up

A

Upbeat nystagmus

106
Q

What causes an upbeat nystagmus?

A

brainstem abnormalities or drugs

107
Q

Type of nystagmus: horizontal nystagmus with a jerk with a rotary element

A

Vestibular nystagmus

108
Q

This type of nystagmus is associated with an inner ear or vestibular abnormality

A

Vestibular nystagmus

109
Q

What 3 symptoms can someone have with a vestibular nystagmus?

A
  • oscillopsia
  • nausea
  • vertigo
110
Q

A rhythmic convergence and retraction of the eyes when attempting upgaze movement

A

Convergence-retraction syndrome

111
Q

Convergence-retraction is found in what syndrome?

A

Parinaud syndrome

112
Q

Name 4 characteristics of parinaud syndrome

A
  • dorsal minbrain syndrome
  • pretectal dysfunction
  • excess convergence
  • paralysis of upward gaze
113
Q

What are 4 accompanying neurological signs in parinaud syndrome?

A
  • palsy in upgaze
  • eyelid retraction
  • pupillary light-near dissociation
  • convergence-retraction
114
Q

What is the hallmark sings in periodic alternating nystagmus?

A

Shifting null point

115
Q

Type of nystagmus: horizontal nystagmus that changes directions every 90 seconds with rest of about 10 secs

A

Periodic alternating nystagmus

116
Q

What might a patient with periodic alternating nystagmus do to adapt to the nystagmus?

A

Alternating head turnings

117
Q

Type of nystagmus: a rapid with small amplitude and short duration nystagmus that is pendular and only maintained for a few secs because of fatigue

A

Voluntary nystagmus

118
Q

Is a voluntary nystagmus horizontal or vertical?

A

Horizontal

119
Q

What induces a voluntary nystagmus?

A

Convergence

120
Q

Is oscillopsia present in voluntary nystagmus?

121
Q

What are the 5 goals to improve nystagmus?

A
  • VA
  • Ocular motor control
  • binocularity
  • cosmesis
  • comfort
122
Q

What are 5 options to manage a nystagmus?

A
  • glasses or contacts
  • prism
  • vision therapy
  • surgery
  • medication
123
Q

Why would you give someone prism for their nystagmus?

A
  • to improve fusion
  • to induce convergence
  • to reduce head turn
124
Q

____ prism can be also used to move the null point

125
Q

Why would you want to give someone correction for their nystagmus?

A

To improve the clarity of the retinal image and to lessen the nystagmus

126
Q

What is the first type of management you would give someone with a nystagmus?

A

Correction

127
Q

When would you rx for hyperope with nystagmus?

128
Q

When would you rx for a myope with nystagmus?

A

0.50D or more

129
Q

When would you rx for someone with a nystagmus?

A

0.50D or more

130
Q

What 2 types of lenses could be considered for higher refractive errors for someone with a nystagmus?

A
  • rigid-gas permeable lens

- soft contact lenses

131
Q

Why might you use plus adds for someone with a nystagmus?

A
  • valuable at near for improved VA and clarity for near point demands
  • aid in accommodation at near
132
Q

Why might you use minus adds for someone with a nystagmus?

A

To induce convergence since nystagmus can decrease with convergence

133
Q

What type of prism would you use to induce convergence in a nystagmus patient

A

Use BO prism

134
Q

What type of prisms can be used to improve VA and slow down the nystagmus by improving abnormal head postures?

It also shifts the retinal image towards the null point

135
Q

How should the prism be placed for some with a nystagmus to lessen the head turn?

A

To be placed in the same direction as the head turn

136
Q

If you put a BO over the OD and BI over the OS the image will shift to the ____ improving the small gift head/face turn

137
Q

This types of prism are used for large amounts of prism

A

Fresnel and ground

138
Q

The apex of the prism is towards the ___ and the base is towards the ___

A

Apex towards the null point and base towards the turn

139
Q

If someone has a left head turn, the patient has the null point in the right face and you use a base to the _____over each eye

A

Left..this will shift the image to the right and reduce the head turn

140
Q

Why is vision therapy used in some nystagmus patients?

A
  • fusional vergences
  • improve motor control
  • suppression that could lead to manifest latent nystagmus
141
Q

When do you need to rx medication for someone with a nystagmus?

A

When there is a systemic problem (infection, metabolic, or vascular problem) or if they have oscillopsia and vertigo

142
Q

What type of medication has been shown to help reduce the severity of nystagmus?

A

Gabapentin

143
Q

This technique is used to shift the null point closer to the primary position and eliminates the head turn

A

Kestenbaum technique

144
Q

When is the best age to do surgery on someone with a nystagmus? And why?

A

Oder than 4 because there is a higher change of over correction in younger children

145
Q

A spontaneous upward movement of one or both eyes when tired, when fusion is broke, or inattentive

A

Dissociated vertical deviation (DVD)

146
Q

For someone with a DVD, will they have a hypo deviation in the other eye?

A

No, they will have a hyper deviation in one or both eyes

147
Q

At what age does DVD start?

148
Q

Do you usually treat someone with a DVD?

A

No, unless its huge then you can do surgery

149
Q

If someone has an IO overaction will they have a deviation in the primary gaze?

A

Probably not

150
Q

When do you usually see a IO overaction?

A

In children with infantile strabismus mainly

151
Q

In what gaze will you see an overaction of the IO?

A

When the eye is elevated in adduction

152
Q

This is present when a horizontal deviation changes in magnitude between upgaze and downgaze

A

Pattern strabismus

153
Q

Is a pattern strabismus comitant or non-comitant?

A

Non-comitant

154
Q

Is a pattern strabismus considered horizontal or vertical?

155
Q

T/F: a pattern strabismus can be seen in an XT or ET

156
Q

Pattern strabismus: horizontal deviation is more divergent in upgaze than in downgaze

157
Q

Pattern strabismus: horizontal deviation is more divergent in downgaze than in upgaze

158
Q

How do you determine A and V pattern strabismus?

A

Measure alignment in primary at distance and then about 25 degrees from primary in upgaze and downgaze

159
Q

When is the V pattern considered significant?

A

When the difference in measurement between upgaze and downgaze is at least 15pd

160
Q

What is the most common pattern deviation?

161
Q

In what type of ET is a V pattern present?

162
Q

Will someone have a head posture with a V pattern strabismus?

A

Yes they may adopt a chin up compensatory head posture

163
Q

What kind of palsy can a V pattern strabismus be seen in?

A

SO palsy (especially if bilateral)

164
Q

When is an A pattern considered clinically significant?

A

When there is a difference in measurement between upgaze and down gaze is at least 10pd

165
Q

This pattern is seen more frequently in patients with XT

166
Q

Will someone with an A pattern strabismus have a head posture?

A

They may adopt a chin down compensatory head posture

167
Q

This pattern strabismus is more common in patients with infantile strabismus associated with craniofacial malformations, down’s.

Motility (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions