B1.1 Keeping Healthy

Question 1

What do you require to remain in good health?

Answer 1

A balanced diet which provides the energy you need (but not more), as well as the right amount of nutrients.

Question 2

What are the 5 nutrients your body needs?

Answer 2

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and mineral ions.

Question 3

What are carbohydrates needed for in the body?

Answer 3

To provide energy.

Question 4

What are fats needed for in the body?

Answer 4

To provide energy and for insulation.

Question 5

What are proteins needed for in the body?

Answer 5

For growth, cell repair and cell replacement.

Question 6

What are vitamins and mineral ions needed for in the body?

Answer 6

To keep skin, bones, blood and everything else in the body generally healthy.

Question 7

What is meant by the term metabolic rate?

Answer 7

It is the speed at which chemical reactions in the body occur.

Question 8

What does increasing the proportion of muscle to fat in the body do to the metabolic rate? Why?

Answer 8

Higher proportion of muscle to fat in the body increases the metabolic rate because muscle needs more energy than fatty tissue.

Question 9

Why are physically bigger people likely to have a higher metabolic rate than smaller people?

Answer 9

The bigger you are, the more energy your body needs as you have a greater number of cells.

Question 10

Why do men tend to have a higher metabolic rate than women?

Answer 10

Men are generally slightly bigger than women and have a larger proportion of muscle.

Question 11

What can you do to increase your resting metabolic rate?

Answer 11

You can exercise regularly.

Question 12

Why can regular exercise boost your resting metabolic rate?

Answer 12

Regular exercise builds muscle. When exercising, your metabolic rate rises and stays high for some time after you finish.

Question 13

What is the trend between the amount of exercise you do and the amount of energy you use?

Answer 13

The more exercise you do, the more energy you use.

Question 14

How can malnourishment occur?

Answer 14

From eating an unbalanced diet, with malnourished people being both over and underweight.

Question 15

What can eating too much lead to?

Answer 15

Obesity, which increases the risk of obtaining type 2 diabetes.

Question 16

What can a lack of vitamins and minerals lead to?

Answer 16

Deficiency diseases.

Question 17

How does exercise keep you healthy?

Answer 17

By increasing the amount of energy used by the body and decreasing the amount stored as fat.

Question 18

What can inherited factors affect?

Answer 18

Metabolic rate, overall health and blood cholesterol level.

Question 19

What causes you to lose weight?

Answer 19

Taking in less energy than you use up e.g. eating less or exercising more.

Question 20

What raises your blood cholesterol level?

Answer 20

Eating foods with a high saturated fat content.

Question 21

What can eating too much salt lead to?

Answer 21

Health problems such as high blood pressure.

Question 22

What is energy in food generally measured in?

Answer 22

Kilojoules (kJ) or calories.

Question 23

What can eating too many high energy foods lead to?

Answer 23

Obesity.

Question 24

What aspects do you take into account when evaluating slimming claims?

Answer 24

You need to look at whether the report is a scientific study, published in a reputable journal, whether it is an independent study and whether the sample group is large enough.

Question 25

What are pathogens?

Answer 25

Pathogens are microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease.

Question 26

Give two examples of pathogens.

Answer 26

Bacteria and viruses.

Question 27

How do bacteria make you feel ill?

Answer 27

By producing toxins and causing cell damages.

Question 28

How do viruses make you feel ill?

Answer 28

They invade your cells and produces copies of themselves. The cell will then burst releasing all the new viruses. This cell damage is what makes you feel ill.

Question 29

Name two ways in which your body prevents pathogens from entering inside.

Answer 29

The skin and mucus in the respiratory tract.

Question 30

How does mucus in the respiratory tract prevent pathogens from entering the body?

Answer 30

The respiratory tract is lined with sticky mucus, this traps pathogens that are in the air and stops them from reaching the lungs. Tiny hairs in the respiratory tract beat to move the mucus away from the lungs and back towards the mouth.

Question 31

How do white blood cells help to defend the body against pathogens?

Answer 31

They engulf them and produce antitoxins as well as antibodies.

Question 32

If the skin is breached what defensive mechanism is in place to prevent pathogens from entering the body?

Answer 32

Platelets in the blood, collect at a wound and help the blood to clot quickly, sealing the wound.

Question 33

Are all antibodies the same?

Answer 33

No, antibodies are specific and can only lock onto and kill a specific type of pathogen.

Question 34

How does the production of antibodies lead to immunity?

Answer 34

If you become infected with a pathogen for a second time, white blood cells will rapidly produce antibodies to kill it and you won’t get ill.

Question 35

How do vaccines work?

Answer 35

Dead or inactive pathogens are used to trigger the production of antibodies by white blood cells.

Question 36

What does the MMR vaccine protect against?

Answer 36

Measles, mumps and rubella.

Question 37

What age group is the MMR vaccine given to?

Answer 37

Children.

Question 38

How can an epidemic be prevented?

Answer 38

By immunising enough people to a particular pathogen, which will reduce the spread of a pathogen.

Question 39

What are advantages of vaccinating?

Answer 39

Helps control lots of infectious diseases, eradicating smallpox and reducing polio by 99%. It also prevents epidemics.

Question 40

What are disadvantages of vaccinating?

Answer 40

They don’t always work. Bad reactions can occur

, though these are very rare.

Question 41

What do drugs, such as painkillers, do?

Answer 41

Reduce the symptoms of a disease.

Question 42

What can’t drugs, such as painkillers, do?

Answer 42

Kill pathogens.

Question 43

What can antibiotics, such as penicillin, do?

Answer 43

Kill bacteria that cause infectious diseases.

Question 44

What can’t antibiotics, such as penicillin, do?

Answer 44

Destroy viruses

Question 45

Are all antibiotics the same?

Answer 45

No, antibiotics are specific, so it’s important to be treated with the right one.

Question 46

Why is it hard to develop drugs against viruses?

Answer 46

Viruses reproduce inside body cells so it is hard to destroy the virus without destroying the cell.

Question 47

Name an example of a strain of antibiotic resistant bacteria.

Answer 47

MRSA

Question 48

How do bacteria develop antibiotic resistance?

Answer 48

As bacteria can mutate, they can develop into antibiotic resistant bacteria by natural selection.

Question 49

Describe the process of natural selection in the development and increment in antibiotic resistant bacteria.

Answer 49

If you have an infection, some of the bacteria might have mutated to be resistant to the antibiotic, therefore they don’t get killed when treated. This means they can survive and reproduce, increasing the strain.

Question 50

What can be done to prevent antibiotic resistance spreading?

Answer 50

It is important not to overuse antibiotics