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Biology > B11 - Hormonal coordination > Flashcards

B11 - Hormonal coordination Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the endocrine system and differences to the nervous system

A
  • A system of glands that secrete hormones (chemicals) into the blood where it is carried around the body.
  • Produces a slower, longer lasting effect than the nervous system.
  • Transports hormones in the blood not electrical impulses in neurones
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2
Q

Key glands in the endocrine system and their roles

A
  • Pancreas - blood glucose maintenance
  • Testes/Ovaries - control secondary sexual characteristics
  • Adrenal glands - produced in times of fear or stress
  • Thyroid - basal metabolic rate
  • Pituitary
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3
Q

Role of the pituitary gland

A

‘Master gland’ that releases a number of different hormones. They act on other glands and stimulate other hormones to be released

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4
Q

What happens if blood glucose level is too high e.g. meal with carbs eaten

A
  • Conc of blood glucose rises
  • Detected by receptors in pancreas and releases insulin
  • Insulin stimulates cells to take up glucose
  • Also tells liver and muscles to store glucose as glycogen
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5
Q

What happens if blood glucose level is too low

A
  • Detected by receptors in pancreas
  • Release glucagon
  • This stimulates the liver cells to convert glycogen back into glucose
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6
Q

What happens with Type 1 Diabetes

A
  • The pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin
  • Their blood glucose levels rise higher and stay high

Can be inherited

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7
Q

Symptoms of type 1 diabetes

A
  • Glucose in urine
  • Patient feels THIRSTY as lots of urine is produced to get rid of excess glucose
  • Patient feels TIRED as enough glucose can’t be taken into cells for use in respiration
  • This leads to WEIGHT LOSS
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8
Q

What happens with Type 2 Diabetes

A
  • Body cells have stopped responding to insulin
  • Similar symptoms to type 1 diabetes

Linked to obesity, age, lack of exercise

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9
Q

How to treat type 1 diabetes

A
  • Insulin injections before meals
  • Pancreas transplants
  • Stem cells (future)
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10
Q

How to treat type 2 diabetes

A
  • Losing weight
  • Regular exercise
  • Carb controlled diet
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11
Q

How does a person’s blood glucose concentration stay level

A
  • If blood glucose rises, insulin released which reduces blood glucose
  • When it falls to a certain level, glucagon is released which increases blood glucose
  • Each hormone inhibits its own production and have opposite effects
  • This is a negative feedback system
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12
Q

What does testosterone control and where is it produced

A
  • Stimualtes sperm production
  • Produced in the testes
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13
Q

Describe the menstrual cycle

A
  • Lining of uterus breaks down
  • It then builds in preparation for release of egg
  • Egg is released
  • If sperm is present, egg impants into lining but if not, cycle repeats
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14
Q

Function of hormones in the menstrual cycle

A
  • FSH - Causes an egg to mature
  • LH - Stimulates ovulation
  • Oestrogen - builds up endometrium
  • Progesterone - maintaining endometrium
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15
Q

Describe how the hormones in the menstrual cycle interact

A
  • FSH released by pituitary gland
  • Travels to ovaries and stimulates the maturation of an egg. Also stimulates release of oestrogen from ovary
  • Oestrogen builds up uterus lining and inhibits FSH secretion. Stimulates LH secretion.
  • LH released from the pituitary stimualtes ovulation
  • Corpus luteum secretes progesterone
  • This inhibits the secretion of FSH and LH. It also maintains the uterus lining with oestrogen
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16
Q

Hormonal methods of contraception and advantages and disadvantages of them

A
  • Daily pill - prevent release of FSH - stops eggs maturing. Very effective but can have side effects such as breat cancer or blood clots. Also can be easily forgotten
  • Patch, injection or implant - more convenient that the pill. Contain progesterone.
  • No hormal contraception methods protect against STIs
17
Q

Barrier methods of contraception and advantages and disadvantages of them

A
  • Condom and diaphragm - prevent sperm from reaching egg
  • Advantages - don’t need specialist application, prevent against STIs
  • Disadvantages - can break
18
Q

What is an IUD and advantages and disadvantages of it

A
  • Coil insterted into uterus by professional
  • Advantages - very few side effect
  • Disadvantages - dont protect against STIs, can prevent future pregnancies
19
Q

Steps during IVF

A
  • Mother is given FSH and LH to mature lots of eggs
  • Eggs collected from mother
  • Sperm is collected and fertilises eggs in lab
  • Once eggs have grown into embryos, they are inserted into mother
20
Q

Problems with IVF

A
  • Not very high success rates
  • Stressful for both parents
  • Physically demanding on mother
  • Mutiple births could be dangerous
  • Ethical issues surroundings destruction of unused embryos
  • Very expensive
21
Q

Role of adrenaline and where is it released from

A
  • Adrenal glands on top of kidneys release adrenaline into blood in times of stress or fear - FIGHT OR FLIGHT
  • Increases heart rate - more oxygen and glucose to brain
  • Dilate pupils
  • Glycogen converted to glucose
  • Blood diverted from digestive system to vital organs
22
Q

Role of thyroxine and where is it released from

A
  • Released by thyroid gland in neck
  • Stimulates basal metabolic rate
  • Growth + development
23
Q

How are thyroxine levels controlled by negative feedback

A
  • Thyroxine levels monitored by brain
  • When thyroxine falls, brain detects this and pituitary secretes TSH
  • TSH stimulates thyroid to release more thyroxine
  • Thyroxine levels increase, detected by brain
  • This decreases TSH secretion from the pituitary so less thryroxine is released
  • Therefore, TSH eventually inhibits its own production
24
Q

What is gravitropism (geotropism) and phototropism

A
  • Gravitropism - the groeth response of plants to gravity
  • Phototropism the growth reponse of plants to light
25
Q

What hormone is used in phototropism and how does it work

A
  • One side of the shoot is exposed to more light
  • Auxin is produced in the root tips which stimulates cell growth in the shoots
  • Light causes auxin to concentrate on the darker side (the side further away from the light) causing an unequal distribution of it
  • Auxin causes cells on the side away from the light grow faster than the cells on the lighter side
  • This causes the shoot to grow towards the light
26
Q

How does auxin work in gravitropism

A
  • Auxin is produced in the root but gravity causes it to concentrate on the lower side of the root causing unequal distribution of it
  • In roots, auxin inhibits growth so the lower side grows solwer than the upper side
  • This causes the roots to grow towards the force of gravity
27
Q

Uses of auxin

A
  • Weedkillers
  • Rooting powders
  • Promoting growth in tissue culture
28
Q

Uses of gibberellins

A
  • Starting seed germination
  • End seed dormancy
  • Promote flowering
  • Increase fruit size
29
Q

What fruit releases ethene and what are its uses

A
  • Bananas
  • It is used in the food industry to control the ripening of fruit during storage and transportation
  • It also controls cell division

Biology (21 decks)

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