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biology > b11 - hormonal coordination > Flashcards

b11 - hormonal coordination Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the master gland and why?
where is it found?

A

the pituitary gland as if secretes many important hormones
- found in the brain and linked to the hypothalamus

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2
Q

endocrine system

A

the glands that produce the hormones which control many aspects of the development and metabolism of the body

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3
Q

hormones

A

chemicals produced that have effect on the functioning of target organs
- transported by blood plasma

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4
Q

role of the pituitary gland

A
  • controls GROWTH in children
  • stimulates the THYROID GLAND to make THYROXINE to control the rate of metabolism
  • in women - stimulates the ovaries to produce and release eggs and make OESTROGEN
  • in men - stimulates the testes to make sperm and TESTOSTERONE
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5
Q

role of the thyroid gland

A

controls the metabolic rate in the body, also controls heart rate and temperature
- found in the neck

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6
Q

role of the pancreas

A

controls the levels of glucose in the blood
- by releasing insulin and glucagon (which regulates those levels)

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7
Q

role of the adrenal gland

A
  • prepares the body for stressful situations - ‘fight or flight’ response produce ADRENALINE
  • has no feedback loop
  • the two adrenal glands are found right above the kidneys
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8
Q

nervous system vs endocrine system

A
  • the cns uses electrical impulses whilst the endocrine system responds to changes in the environment via hormones, which last for a longer period of time
  • hormonal effects are slower than that of the nervous system
  • cns is precise while the other can act on large areas of the body
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9
Q

examples of rapid response hormones

A

insulin and adrenaline

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10
Q

examples of slow response hormones

A
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11
Q

what is negative feedback

A

an opposite response to the effects of stimuli, which help to maintain the body’s stable conditions (homeostasis)

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12
Q

negative feedback loop or thyroxine

A

maintains a constant concentration of thyroxine in the blood
if too low: the production of TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) is increased. this stimulates the thyroxine gland to secrete thyroxine
if too high: the production TSH is decreased

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13
Q

adrenaline

A
  • triggers a fight or flight response in dangerous or stressful situations
  • enlarges air passages and alters metabolism to enhance the delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles
  • increases heart rate and blood pressure and dilates our pupils
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14
Q

why is it important to regulate blood glucose levels?

A
  • glucose is required for respiration so if there isn’t enough glucose, the organism will not be able to produce
    enough energy
  • can have a negative impact on osmosis if the levels are too high as it alters the concentration gradients
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15
Q

negative feedback loop for blood glucose levels

A

if too low: the cells in the pancreas detect the change and glucagon is released into the bloodstream to rise the levels
if too high: the cells in the pancreas detect the change and insulin is released into the bloodstream to lower the levels

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16
Q

insulin

A
  • the liver and muscles tissue detect insulin
  • it then converts the excess glucose into glycogen until the pancreas detects a normal blood glucose conc.
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17
Q

glucagon

A
  • the liver detects glucagon (it causes cells in the liver to do the below)
  • the liver converts stores of glycogen into glucose to be released into the bloodstream and this process continues until the pancreas detects a normal blood glucose conc.
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18
Q

glycogen

A

a form of glucose that is insoluble and can be stored for later

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19
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

body still produces insulin but no longer responds to it
- develops later in life

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20
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

when the body doesn’t produce enough insulin
- develops as a child

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21
Q

ways of managing diabetes

A
  • (1) injecting insulin when blood glucose becomes too high
  • (1 and 2) manage their diet and exercise to keep blood glucose levels steady
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22
Q

risk factors for diabetes

A
  • being overweight
  • having an unhealthy diet
  • not exercising regularly
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23
Q

symptoms of diabetes

A
  • excess urine
  • lack of energy
  • feeling tired/fatigue
  • losing weight
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24
Q

puberty in females

A

starts between 9-15
- the amount of oestrogen rises and triggers the menstrual cycle (mature eggs start to form)
- growth of underarm and pubic hair
- breasts enlarge
- uterus grows and becomes active

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25
Q

puberty in males

A

starts between 8-14
- testosterone rises, which triggers sperm production
- growth of underarm, facial and pubic hair
- voice deepens
- shoulders broaden

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26
Q

which 4 hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle?

A
  • oestrogen
  • FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
  • LH (luteinising hormone)
  • progesterone
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27
Q

how does female fertility work?

A
  • the ovaries of a baby girl contain all the eggs she will ever have
  • after puberty, those eggs mature and are released every month for 35-40 years, except if she’s pregnant
  • approaching menopause, the woman is less fertile and has a higher chance of having a baby with genetic problems
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28
Q

FSH during the menstrual cycle

A
  • released by the pituitary gland and causes the egg to mature
  • also stimulates the production of oestrogen
29
Q

oestrogen during the menstrual cycle

A
  • produced in the ovaries and causes the development of the thick, spongy uterus lining
  • stimulates the production of LH and inhibits the production of FSH
30
Q

LH during the menstrual cycle

A
  • secreted in the pituitary gland and releases the mature egg on day 14 of the cycle (OVULATION)
31
Q

progesterone during the menstrual cycle

A
  • produced in the ovaries
  • responsible for maintaining the uterus lining during days 14-28
  • when progesterone levels drop, the uterus lining will break down (day 1 of cycle)
  • also inhibits the release of LH and FSH
32
Q

what is a period

A

loss of the uterus lining and the release of a mature egg

33
Q

what are oestrogen levels like during the menstruation cycle?

A

the blood oestrogen levels peak twice

34
Q

how do the hormones interact with each other during the cycle?

A

FSH: causes egg to mature; stimulates release of oestrogen
oestrogen: causes the lining of the uterus to develop; inhibits the release of LH
LH: triggers ovulation
progesterone: maintains uterus lining; inhibits release of both FSH and LH

35
Q

ways of treating diabetes (type 1)

A
  • pancreas transplant
  • stem cell treatment to replace the dysfunctional pancreatic cells
36
Q

the menstrual cycle

A

1) menstruation: the uterus lining breaks down, resulting in a period if no fertilization has occurred (1-4)
2) the uterus lining begins to build up and thicken + is maintained (4-14)
3) ovulation: mature egg is released - travels from the oviduct towards the uterus
4) the uterus lining is maintained, and it is ready to accept a fertilized egg. if there isn’t a fertilised egg, the uterus breaks down and the cycle starts over

37
Q

examples of hormone contraceptives

A
  • progesterone only pill
  • morning after pill/combined pill
  • implant
  • patch
  • intrauterine device (IUD)
38
Q

progesterone only pill

A
  • stimulates the production of thick mucus which sperm cannot penetrate
  • inhibits FSH so the eggs don’t mature
  • fewer side effects than the combined pill
39
Q

morning after pill

A
  • contains both oestrogen and progesterone
  • by taking it every day, enough oestrogen builds up in the female body to inhibit the production of FSH so no eggs mature
40
Q

contraceptive implant

A
  • lasts for three years
  • is inserted under the skin (usually in the arm)
  • regularly releases small amounts of progesterone
41
Q

contraceptive injection

A
  • contains progesterone
  • lasts up to three months
42
Q

contraceptive patch

A
  • has to be changed every week
  • steadily releases progesterone
  • goes on the skin
43
Q

diaphragm

A
  • shallow plastic cup that is inserted into the vagina before intercourse - it sits at the entrance of the uterus
  • is to prevent the sperm from reaching the egg
  • can also be covered with spermicide to kill/disable the sperm
44
Q

IUD

A
  • small t-shaped devices that are inserted into the uterus aka coil 9 (by a medical professional)
  • prevents the embryo implanting in the lining of the uterus
  • release small amounts of progesterone
  • lasts for 3-5 years
45
Q

vasectomy

A

having the sperm ducts cut so that the sperm are not released

46
Q

hysterectomy

A

having the fallopian tubes cuts so that the egg cannot reach the uterus

47
Q

fertility treatment

A
  • IVF (in-vitro fertilisation)
  • fertility drugs
48
Q

fertility drugs

A
  • drugs that contain a mixture of LH and FSH
  • boosting the levels of both hormones can cause an egg to be released in the ovaries
49
Q

IVF

A
  • LH and FSH ar egiven to stimulate the growth of lots of eggs
  • the eggs are then collected before being fertilised in a petri dish (with the father’s sperm)
  • when the fertilised eggs grown into embryos, they are implanted in the woman’s uterus
50
Q

disadvantages of IVF

A
  • can result in multiple pregnancies which can put both parties at risk
  • it’s very expensive
  • can involve emotional and physical stress for those partaking
51
Q

reasons why people may have difficulty conceiving

A

male: blocked or damaged tubes that carry sperm, poor sperm quality, low sperm count

female: problem with uterus lining, blocked fallopian tubes, ovaries not releasing eggs, low levels of FSH (eggs dont mature)

both: hormonal problems

52
Q

key plant hormones

A

auxins, gibberellins, ethene

53
Q

auxins

A
  • change growth patterns to allow roots and shoots to move towards or away from the stimulus (change in conditions)
  • response to stimuli that involves directional growth = TROPISMS
54
Q

gibberellins

A

important in beginning seed germination (the sprouting process)

55
Q

ethene

A

a gas that controls cell division and the ripening of fruits

56
Q

two types of tropisms

A

phototropisms and gravitropisms

57
Q

positive phototropism

A

responses that involve growth towards a light source

58
Q

negative phototropism

A

responses that involve growth away from a light source

59
Q

positive gravitropism

A

responses that involve growth towards the direction of gravity

60
Q

negative gravitropism

A

responses that involve growth away from the direction of gravity

61
Q

tropism

A

response to stimuli that involve directional growth

62
Q

distribution of auxins and phototropisms

A
  • one side of the plant gets more sun than the others
  • so the auxin is redistributed so that the conc is greater on the shaded side
  • unequal distribution = cell elongation on the shaded side
  • auxins PROMOTE cell elongation in shoots but DONT in roots
63
Q

phototropism

A

growth either towards or away from a light source

64
Q

gravitropism

A

growth either towards or away from the direction of gravity

65
Q

REQUIRED PRACTICAL: light investigation

A

1) place the seeds in a petri dish with damp cotton wool, and leave them in a warm place to germinate
2)randomly divide the petri dish into 3 sections each with a different light condition: full sunlight (windowsill), partial sunlight. darkness
3) measure the height of the plant every day for a week
4) draw and label them to show the effects
independent variable: the light conditions
dependent: the growth of the plant

66
Q

uses of gibberellins

A

promote flowering, increase fruit size and initiate germination

67
Q

uses of ethene

A

used in the food industry to control the ripening of food during storage and transfer

68
Q

uses of auxins

A
  • used as weed killers as they can initiate such rapid growth that the weeds use up all of their resources and die
  • rooting powder (growth supplement) to promote growth in tissue culture

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