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biology > b10 - the nervous system > Flashcards

b10 - the nervous system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

homeostasis

A

the maintenance of a stable internal environment in response to changes in environment

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2
Q

stimulus

A

a change in your environment that may require a response

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3
Q

examples of stimuli

A
  • temperature
  • light
  • sound
  • chemical
  • position
  • pain
  • pressure
  • touch
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4
Q

receptors

A

special cells that detect changes in the internal or external environment

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5
Q

coordination centres

A
  • areas that receive and process information from the receptors
  • they then send out signals to coordinate the response of the body
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6
Q

what does the CNS consist of?

A

the brain and the spinal cord

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7
Q

effectors

A
  • muscle or gland that carries out the response to the stimulus
  • the response will restore the conditions to their optimum levels
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8
Q

what does the human control system contain?

A
  • receptors
  • coordination centres
  • effectors
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9
Q

what is the purpose of the central nervous system?

A

enables humans to react to their surroundings and to coordinate their behaviour

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10
Q

process of the body responding to stimuli

A

stimulus > receptor generates impulse after detecting a change in the environment > sensory neurone conducts impulses to spinal cord (CNS) > passes synapses between neurones > chemical stimulates

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11
Q

why does homeostasis take place?

A
  • an optimum environment is maintained to prevent the denaturing of enzymes
  • denaturing reduces the enzyme’s ability to catalyse metabolic reactions
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12
Q

which internal conditions need to be regulated?

A
  • blood sugar
  • water levels
  • carbon dioxide levels
  • urea conc (in urine)
  • internal body temperature
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13
Q

which type of neurone carries impulses to the central nervous system?

A

sensory neurone

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14
Q

which type of neurone carries the impulses away from the central nervous system

A

motor neurone

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15
Q

one factor that may affect reaction time

A

energy drinks/caffeine/exercise

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16
Q

reflex actions

A

automatic and rapid reactions that do not require conscious parts of the brain

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17
Q

where is the relay neurone found in the reflex arc?

A

spinal cord

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18
Q

reflex pathway

A

stimulus > receptor > sensory neurone > relay neurone > motor neurone > effector > response

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19
Q

synapses

A

the physical gap between neurones

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20
Q

how is information passed through the synapse

A

via neurotransmitters

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21
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that are released which travel through the synapse and bind to the receptor cells in the next neurone

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22
Q

cerebral cortex

A

region in the brain which controls conscious activity, intelligence, memory and language

23
Q

cerebellum

A

region that co-ordinates muscle activity and balance

24
Q

medulla

A

region that controls automatic, unconscious activity

25
Q

name a method that scientists use to find out the functions of each part of the brain

A
  • studying brain damage patients
  • use of electrical impulses to stimulate the brain
  • MRI scans
26
Q

function of the sclera

A

white outer layer to protect the eyeball

27
Q

function of the cornea

A
  • transparent area at the front of the eyeball
  • allows light into the eye and then refracts/focuses it
28
Q

function of the iris

A
  • controls the size of the pupil
  • can contract and relax to change the size of the pupil so as to control the amount of light focused on the retina
29
Q

hypothalamus

A

coordination centre in the brain

30
Q

pituitary gland

A

produces many different hormones (like ADH), which play a big part in coordinating and controlling body systems

31
Q

advantages of MRI

A
  • non invasive
  • doesn’t use ionic radiation
  • produces detailed images of the nervous system
32
Q

disadvantages of MRI

A
  • claustrophobia - requires you to be in a small space for a long period of time
  • takes a while to acquire results
  • expensive
33
Q

lens

A
  • held in place by the ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments
  • fine tunes the focus of the light on the retina to produce a clear image
34
Q

function of the retina

A

filled with receptor cells which are sensitive to both the brightness and the colour of the light

35
Q

two main types of light receptor cells

A

rods and cones

36
Q

rods

A

sensitive to light intensity

37
Q

cones

A

produce colour vision

38
Q

what do the light sensitive cells do?

A

they send impulses to the brain along sensory neurones in the optic nerve

39
Q

optic nerve

A

sends impulses between the eye and the brain

40
Q

process of light being focused

A

light > cornea > bent onto the lens > falls on the retina > the light is focused by the process of refraction by the cornea

41
Q

process of the refraction of light

A

light refracted by the cornea and lens > cornea always refracts the same amount of light > the shape of the lens change to alter the amount of refraction > contraction of the ciliary muscles

42
Q

what happens to the pupils in bright light?

A

it constricts (becomes smaller) so as to limit the amount of light that enters the eye

43
Q

what happens to the pupil in dim light/darkness?

A

it dilates (becomes much bigger) because it needs to take in as much light as possible

44
Q

suspensory ligaments

A

a ring of fibres that connect the ciliary muscles to the lens

45
Q

ciliary muscles

A

a ring of smooth muscle that changes the shape of the lens to focus light

46
Q

pupil

A

a hole in the centre of the iris through which light passes to reach the retina

47
Q

accommodation

A

the process of the lens changing shape to focus on an object as its distance from the eye changes - this is done by the ciliary muscles and the suspensory ligaments

48
Q

focusing on a close object

A
  • contraction of the ciliary muscles
  • loosening of the suspensory ligaments
  • causing the lens to become rounder and thicker
  • results in significant refraction
49
Q

focusing on a far object

A
  • relaxation of the ciliary muscles
  • tightening of the suspensory ligaments
  • lens becomes flatter and thinner
  • results in less refraction
50
Q

hyperopia

A

long-sightedness
- rays of light focus BEHIND the retina

51
Q

myopia

A

short-sightedness
- rays of light focus IN FRONT of the retina

52
Q

reasons for myopia happening

A

lens too curved, long eyeball

53
Q

treatment options for myopia and hyperopia

A

contact lenses/laser eye surgery/glasses

biology (7 decks)

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