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IB Bio HL > B1.1: Carbohydrates And Lipids > Flashcards

B1.1: Carbohydrates And Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

Chemical properties of carbon - bio molecules

A

In all four major categories:
Carb, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

4 electrons on outer shell
-> allow large stable molecules

Carbon -> arrange themselves to form a huge variety of chemical compounds:
Bond to other atoms
- long branched chains (glycogen)
- long straight chain molecule (cellulose)
- cyclic single rings (thymine, uracil…)
- multiple rings (adenine, guanine)
- tetrahedral structure (different 3D shape, different properties)

Double and triple bonds -> unsaturated compounds

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2
Q

What are some common functional groups?

A

OH (hydroxyl)
COOH (carboxyl)
NH2 (amino/amine)
H2PO4 (phosphate)

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3
Q

What is a monomer?

A

Smaller units from which larger molecules are made

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4
Q

what is a polymer?

A

molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together in a chain
-> polymerization

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5
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

Very large molecules

1000+ atoms -> high molecular mass

polymers can be macromolecules, but not all macromolecules are polymers
polymers must have repeating subunits

Form by condensation reaction

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6
Q

Formation of polysaccharide

A

formed when two hydroxyl groups on different monosaccharides interact to form a strong covalent bond called a glycosidic bond

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7
Q

Formation of polypeptide

A

formed when two amino acid monomers interact to form a strong covalent bond called a peptide bond

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8
Q

How are polymers digested?

A

Hydrolysis reaction (breaking down with water)

Covalent bonds in macromolecules -> broken when water added
-> the -O and -OH from the water molecule are used to form the functional groups of the products

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9
Q

Examples of hydrolysis reaction

A
  • hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in poly- or disaccharides to produce monosaccharides
  • hydrolysis of peptide bonds in polypeptides to produce amino acids
  • hydrolysis of ester bonds in triglycerides to produce three fatty acids and glycerol
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10
Q

Saccharide:
Bond type
General formula
Properties

A

Glycosidic bond (condensation reaction)

CnH2nOn

Colorless crystalline molecules
Soluble in water

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11
Q

Différent types of monosaccharides

A

Formed from varying numbers of C atoms

Triose -> 3 C
Pentose -> 5 C
Hexose -> 6 C

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12
Q

What is glucose?

A

Basic hexose monosaccharide sugar molecule that is used in respiration to produce ATP
Chemical store of energy
Formed in photosynthesis

C6H12O6

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13
Q

What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

A

Alpha -> OH on C1 below

Beta -> OH on C1 above

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14
Q

Properties of glucose

A
  • stable structure due to covalent bonds
  • soluble in water due to polar nature
  • easily transportable due to water solubility
  • source of chemical energy when bonds are broken
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15
Q

What is ribose?

A

Basic monosaccharide pentose sugar

Found in RNA
a similar version in DNA
-> deoxyribose: has H in place of one of the OH

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16
Q

What is maltose?

A
  • maltose (malt sugar) is formed from two alpha glucose molecules joined by a 1-4 glycosidic bond
    • plants
17
Q

What is sucrose?

A
  • sucrose (table sugar) is formed from alpha glucose and fructose joined by an alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond
    • plants
18
Q

What is lactose?

A
  • lactose (milk sugar) is formed from galactose and alpha glucose joined by a beta 1-4 glycosidic bond
    • animals
19
Q

What are polysaccharides used as?

A

Structure or energy source
-> able to do both bc of differences between a and b bonds

Starch (plants -> energy)
Glucose (plants -> energy)
Glycogen (humans -> storage)

20
Q

Why are carbs good for both energy storage and structure?

A

Ex: starch and glycogen -> energy storage
Compact
Insoluble
-> soluble molecules will dissolve in cell lowering the water potential and causing water to move into cell -> too much water -> animal cell burst

Ex: cellulose -> structure
Strong and durable
Insoluble and slightly elastic
Chemically inert

21
Q

Properties and uses of starch

A

Major carb storage molecule in plants
Usually stored as intracellular starch grains in organelles -> plastids
-> chlorophyll/amyloplast

Starch produced from glucose -> photosynthesis

Broken down during respiration -> energy -> source of carbon from producing other molecules

22
Q

Structure of starch

A

2 different structural units:

Amylose (10-30%)
Glucose molecules joined by a 1-4 glycosidic bonds
Unbranched structure -> compact helical structure -> resist digestion

Amylopecitin (70-90%)
Glucose molecules joined by a 1-4 glycosidic bonds
Also contains more a 1-6 glycosidic bonds
-> results in highly branched structure
-> many terminal glucose -> easily hydrolyzed (easy take or add)

23
Q

Properties and uses of cellulose

A

Plant cell walls - most abundant organic polymer

Very strong, prevents cell from bursting when excess water

Long chains of b glucose molecules joined by beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds

Glucose chains -> rope-like microfibrils -> layered to form network

24
Q

Structure of cellulose

A

polysaccharide made up of many beta glucose molecules

glucose molecules are linked by beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds
-> to from glycosidic with b glucose -> every alternate must be inverted

Long straight unbranched chains

Alternate pattern -> good tensile strength (structure)

25
Q

Properties and uses of glycogen

A

Animals store carb as glycogen

Stored in small granules in muscle and liver

Less dense and more soluble than starch -> broken down quicker -> higher metabolic requirements

26
Q

Structure of glycogen

A

A glucose joined by 1-4 and 1-6 bonds

Similar structure to amylopectin -> more a 1-6 glycosidic bonds -> MORE branches

27
Q

What is glycoprotein?

A

Carb + protein (via covalent bond)

28
Q

Uses of glycoproteins

A

Type of protein found in plasma membrane -> shorty chain of monosaccharides attached to it
-> oligosaccharide (oligo - few)

Displayed on the outside of cell and allows other cells to recognize them

Receptor molecules:
Cell recognition/identification
Cell signaling molecules
Endocytosis
Cell adhesion and stabilization

29
Q

Example of glycoproteins

A

ABO BLOOD GROUPS
Gp-> act as antigens -> can identify cells as either self or non-self

  • blood type A individuals have type A glycoprotein antigens
  • blood type B individuals have type B glycoprotein antigens
  • blood type AB individuals have both types of glycoprotein antigens
  • blood type O individuals have neither

Blood transfusion -> wrong type -> antibodies don’t recognize and clump -> block blood vessels

30
Q

Examples of lipids

A

Fats
Oils
Waxes
Steroids

IB Bio HL (6 decks)

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