B1.1 Carbohydrates and Lipids

Question 1

Properties of carbon

Answer 1

• Each carbon atom can form four covalent bonds with other atoms. It can either form 4 single covalent bonds or 1 double and 2 single covalent bonds.
• Carbon atoms can be linked up by covalent bonds to form a chain of any length.

Question 2

What are carbohydrates?

Answer 2

• Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Polar covalent bonds and soluble in water

Question 3

Properties of monosaccharides

Answer 3

• soluble molecules
• chemically very stable, suitable for storage
• yields energy when oxidized

Question 4

DRAWINGS

Answer 4

• Alpha glucose: -OH group points downwards
• Beta glucose: -OH group points upwards

Question 5

Disaccharides

Answer 5

maltose and sucrose

Question 6

What are glycoproteins used for?

Answer 6

• Needed for cell-cell recognition
• Cell-to-cell recognition helps with the organization of tissues and can also allow foreign cells or infected body cells to be identified and destroyed.
• Eg. the ABO antigens in RBC

Question 7

Function of triglycerides

Answer 7

• Long term energy stores for aerobic cell respiration (stable, hydrophobic, store high amount of energy)
• Good insulators –> retains body heat
• Shock absorbent

Question 8

What makes up a phospholipid?

Answer 8

• Monomers: 1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 inorganic phosphate
• Partly hydrophobic and hydrophilic

Question 9

What are the two types of fatty acids?

Answer 9

1. Saturated:
   - Only single C-C bonds
   - Higher melting point
2. Unsaturated:
   - One or more FA with C=C
   - Monounsaturated – one double bond between two carbons
   - Polyunsaturated – more than one double bond between two carbons

Question 10

What are the conjugated carbon molecules?

Answer 10

• Lipoprotein
• Glycolipid
• Glycoproteins