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Biology IB HL > B1.1 Carbohydrates and Lipids > Flashcards

B1.1 Carbohydrates and Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a monomer of carbohydrate called

A

monosaccharide

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2
Q

how many bonds can carbon form

A

4 covalent bonds

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3
Q

how does a covalent bond form

A

when electrons are shared between 2 atoms

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4
Q

amine functional group

A

NH2

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5
Q

hydroxyl group

A

OH

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6
Q

how can unsaturated compounds form with carbon

A

double and triple bonds adjacent with carbon atom

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7
Q

what are polymers

A

molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together in a chain by polymerisation

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8
Q

macromolecule of amino acids

A

proteins (polypeptides)

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9
Q

what monomers are lipids made from

A

fatty acids, glycerol, phosphate groups

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10
Q

what are nucleic acids made up of

A

nucleotides

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11
Q

when does a condensation reaction occur

A

when molecules combine together forming covalent bonds resulting in polymers (polymerisation) - water is removed

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12
Q

glucose + glucose

A

maltose + water

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13
Q

what is a glycosidic bond

A

a strong covalent bond formed when 2 OH groups on different monosaccharides interact

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14
Q

amino acid + amino acid

A

dipeptide + water (condensation reaction)

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14
Q

when does a peptide bond form

A

when 2 amino acid monomers interact creating a polypeptide

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15
Q

what are hydrolysis reactions

A

reverse condensation reactions- water splits in oh and H, used to digest food

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15
Q

glyceride + water

A

fatty acids + glyceride

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16
Q

properties of monosaccharides

A

soluble in water
colourless crystalline molecules

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17
Q

general formula of monosaccharides

A

CnH2nOn

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18
Q

what process is glucose produced in and how is it used

A

produced during photosynthesis
main substrate used in respiration, releasing energy for the production of ATP

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19
Q

what are the isomers of glucose

A

alpha and beta glucose- structural variety causes different functions

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20
Q

what polysaccharides are formed by alpha glucose

A

starch and glycogen

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21
Q

what polysaccharide is made from beta glucose

A

cellulose

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22
Q

properties of glucose

A

stable structure- has covalent bonds which are strong and hard to break
soluble in water- because of its polar nature
easily transportable- due to its water solubility
a source of chemical energy - when covalent bonds are broken

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23
Q

why are starch and glycogen effective storage polysaccharides

A

they are COMPACT (as they are coiled + branched)
they are INSOLUBLE (so don’t draw too much water in by osmosis)

24
Q

properties of cellulose

A

they are strong and durable
insoluble and slightly elastic
chemically inert(few enzymes can hydrolyse)

25
Q

how is starch stored in plants

A

as granules in chloroplasts

26
Q

what polysaccharides make up starch

A

amylose and amylopectin

27
Q

describe amylose

A

UNBRANCHED helix shaped chain (allows for it to compact so more resistant to digestion) with 1,4 glycosidic bonds between a glucose molecules

28
Q

describe amylopectin

A

contains 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds- branched
allows for removal and addition of glucose

29
Q

what is the monomer of glycogen

A

alpha glucose joined by 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

30
Q

is glycogen or amylopectin more branched

A

glycogen

31
Q

why do liver and muscles contain glycogen as visible granules

A

high rates of cellular respiration

32
Q

what does the more branching of glycogen allow for

A

more free ends where glucose can be removed so it can be broken down quickly - helps high metabolic needs of animal cells

33
Q

where is cellulose found

A

a structural carbohydrate found in cell walls of plants 1,4 glycosidic bonds

34
Q

what does the alternating pattern of monomers in cellulose allow for

A

hydrogen bonding between b glucose- they link many molecules of cellulose to form microfibrils

35
Q

glycoproteins reactants

A

carbohydrates + polypeptides (combine via covalent bonds)

36
Q

what do glycoproteins and glycolipids act as receptor molecules in

A

cell-cell recognition
signalling neurotransmitters and hormones
endocytosis
cell adhesion

37
Q

what is a persons blood type determined by

A

the glycoprotein antigens on the surface of their red blood cells

38
Q

examples of lipids in living organisms

A

fats, oils, waxes, steroids

39
Q

why are lipids insoluble in water

A

they contain hydrocarbon molecules that have non polar covalent bonds

40
Q

how can lipid solubility be improved

A

by combining with other molecules like glycolipids and lipoproteins

41
Q

glycerol + 3 fatty acids

A

triglyceride + water

42
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

contain one or more double bond

43
Q

how are phospholipids made

A

combining 2 fatty acids and one phosphate group with glycerol

44
Q

describe phospholipids

A

they are amphipathic- hydrophilic (phosphate) head and hydrophobic (fatty acid) tail

45
Q

what does the amphipathic properties of phospholipids allow for

A

form bilayers or monolayers when placed in water

46
Q

why are lipids ideal for long term energy storage

A

insoluble so can’t be transported around body easily(remain in storage cells)
when respired, metabolic water is produced- camels hump

47
Q

where are lipids stored in humans

A

in adipose tissue

48
Q

why are fats and oils efficient energy stores

A

they release twice as much energy per gram than carbohydrates when used in cell respiration

49
Q

how do adipose cells generate metabolic energy

A

they shrink when fat is respired

50
Q

why is adipose tissue usually next to skin

A

fats and oils are poor heat conductors so they function as thermal insulators and reduce loss of body heat to environment

51
Q

what state are unsaturated fatty acids at room temp

A

liquid because molecules can’t pack closely together due to their bent shape

52
Q

what state are saturated fatty acids at room temp

A

solid because they are straight molecules so can pack closely together

53
Q

do lipids with monounsaturated fatty acids have a higher or lower melting point than saturated fatty acids

A

those with monounsaturated- lower MP so they from liquid oils

54
Q

is the phosphate head polar or non polar

A

polar so hydrophilic so is soluble

55
Q

what is the function of the fatty acid tails in membrane

A

they are non polar and prevent polar molecules or ions from passing through eg. sugars, amino acids, proteins(can’t get out)

56
Q

small non polar molecules

A

O2 and CO2

57
Q

why can O2 and C02 easily cross cell membranes

A

they are soluble in lipid bilayer and don’t need proteins for transport and can diffuse quickly

58
Q

large non polar molecule

A

steroid hormones (containing cholesterol- type of lipid)

59
Q

what is the lipid structure of steroids and what does it allow for

A

Biology IB HL (13 decks)

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