B1.1 Carbohydrates and Lipids

Question 1

what is a monomer of carbohydrate called

Answer 1

monosaccharide

Question 2

how many bonds can carbon form

Answer 2

4 covalent bonds

Question 3

how does a covalent bond form

Answer 3

when electrons are shared between 2 atoms

Question 4

amine functional group

Answer 4

NH2

Question 5

hydroxyl group

Answer 5

OH

Question 6

how can unsaturated compounds form with carbon

Answer 6

double and triple bonds adjacent with carbon atom

Question 7

what are polymers

Answer 7

molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together in a chain by polymerisation

Question 8

macromolecule of amino acids

Answer 8

proteins (polypeptides)

Question 9

what monomers are lipids made from

Answer 9

fatty acids, glycerol, phosphate groups

Question 10

what are nucleic acids made up of

Answer 10

nucleotides

Question 11

when does a condensation reaction occur

Answer 11

when molecules combine together forming covalent bonds resulting in polymers (polymerisation) - water is removed

Question 12

glucose + glucose

Answer 12

maltose + water

Question 13

what is a glycosidic bond

Answer 13

a strong covalent bond formed when 2 OH groups on different monosaccharides interact

Question 14

amino acid + amino acid

Answer 14

dipeptide + water (condensation reaction)

Question 14

when does a peptide bond form

Answer 14

when 2 amino acid monomers interact creating a polypeptide

Question 15

what are hydrolysis reactions

Answer 15

reverse condensation reactions- water splits in oh and H, used to digest food

Question 15

glyceride + water

Answer 15

fatty acids + glyceride

Question 16

properties of monosaccharides

Answer 16

soluble in water
colourless crystalline molecules

Question 17

general formula of monosaccharides

Answer 17

CnH2nOn

Question 18

what process is glucose produced in and how is it used

Answer 18

produced during photosynthesis
main substrate used in respiration, releasing energy for the production of ATP

Question 19

what are the isomers of glucose

Answer 19

alpha and beta glucose- structural variety causes different functions

Question 20

what polysaccharides are formed by alpha glucose

Answer 20

starch and glycogen

Question 21

what polysaccharide is made from beta glucose

Answer 21

cellulose

Question 22

properties of glucose

Answer 22

stable structure- has covalent bonds which are strong and hard to break
soluble in water- because of its polar nature
easily transportable- due to its water solubility
a source of chemical energy - when covalent bonds are broken

Question 23

why are starch and glycogen effective storage polysaccharides

Answer 23

they are COMPACT (as they are coiled + branched) they are INSOLUBLE (so don't draw too much water in by osmosis)

Question 24

properties of cellulose

Answer 24

they are strong and durable insoluble and slightly elastic chemically inert(few enzymes can hydrolyse)

Question 25

how is starch stored in plants

Answer 25

as granules in chloroplasts

Question 26

what polysaccharides make up starch

Answer 26

amylose and amylopectin

Question 27

describe amylose

Answer 27

UNBRANCHED helix shaped chain (allows for it to compact so more resistant to digestion) with 1,4 glycosidic bonds between a glucose molecules

Question 28

describe amylopectin

Answer 28

contains 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds- branched allows for removal and addition of glucose

Question 29

what is the monomer of glycogen

Answer 29

alpha glucose joined by 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

Question 30

is glycogen or amylopectin more branched

Answer 30

glycogen

Question 31

why do liver and muscles contain glycogen as visible granules

Answer 31

high rates of cellular respiration

Question 32

what does the more branching of glycogen allow for

Answer 32

more free ends where glucose can be removed so it can be broken down quickly - helps high metabolic needs of animal cells

Question 33

where is cellulose found

Answer 33

a structural carbohydrate found in cell walls of plants 1,4 glycosidic bonds

Question 34

what does the alternating pattern of monomers in cellulose allow for

Answer 34

hydrogen bonding between b glucose- they link many molecules of cellulose to form microfibrils

Question 35

glycoproteins reactants

Answer 35

carbohydrates + polypeptides (combine via covalent bonds)

Question 36

what do glycoproteins and glycolipids act as receptor molecules in

Answer 36

cell-cell recognition signalling neurotransmitters and hormones endocytosis cell adhesion

Question 37

what is a persons blood type determined by

Answer 37

the glycoprotein antigens on the surface of their red blood cells

Question 38

examples of lipids in living organisms

Answer 38

fats, oils, waxes, steroids

Question 39

why are lipids insoluble in water

Answer 39

they contain hydrocarbon molecules that have non polar covalent bonds

Question 40

how can lipid solubility be improved

Answer 40

by combining with other molecules like glycolipids and lipoproteins

Question 41

glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Answer 41

triglyceride + water

Question 42

unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 42

contain one or more double bond

Question 43

how are phospholipids made

Answer 43

combining 2 fatty acids and one phosphate group with glycerol

Question 44

describe phospholipids

Answer 44

they are amphipathic- hydrophilic (phosphate) head and hydrophobic (fatty acid) tail

Question 45

what does the amphipathic properties of phospholipids allow for

Answer 45

form bilayers or monolayers when placed in water

Question 46

why are lipids ideal for long term energy storage

Answer 46

insoluble so can't be transported around body easily(remain in storage cells) when respired, metabolic water is produced- camels hump

Question 47

where are lipids stored in humans

Answer 47

in adipose tissue

Question 48

why are fats and oils efficient energy stores

Answer 48

they release twice as much energy per gram than carbohydrates when used in cell respiration

Question 49

how do adipose cells generate metabolic energy

Answer 49

they shrink when fat is respired

Question 50

why is adipose tissue usually next to skin

Answer 50

fats and oils are poor heat conductors so they function as thermal insulators and reduce loss of body heat to environment

Question 51

what state are unsaturated fatty acids at room temp

Answer 51

liquid because molecules can't pack closely together due to their bent shape

Question 52

what state are saturated fatty acids at room temp

Answer 52

solid because they are straight molecules so can pack closely together

Question 53

do lipids with monounsaturated fatty acids have a higher or lower melting point than saturated fatty acids

Answer 53

those with monounsaturated- lower MP so they from liquid oils

Question 54

is the phosphate head polar or non polar

Answer 54

polar so hydrophilic so is soluble

Question 55

what is the function of the fatty acid tails in membrane

Answer 55

they are non polar and prevent polar molecules or ions from passing through eg. sugars, amino acids, proteins(can't get out)

Question 56

small non polar molecules

Answer 56

O2 and CO2

Question 57

why can O2 and C02 easily cross cell membranes

Answer 57

they are soluble in lipid bilayer and don't need proteins for transport and can diffuse quickly

Question 58

large non polar molecule

Answer 58

steroid hormones (containing cholesterol- type of lipid)

Question 59

what is the lipid structure of steroids and what does it allow for