B1.1-B1.2 Flashcards
What is the smallest form of carbohydrate?
Monosaccharides
What are the monomers of triglyceride lipids
Fatty acids and glycerol
What are Lipids?
Molecules that are oils at warmer temperatures and fats at cooler temperatures
What is a function of these molecules
To store energy, lipids store twice the chemical energy than carbohydrates.
What elements are common within living organisms?
Phosphorus, nitrogen, oxygen- often form bonds with carbon
Common functional groups?
OH- hydroxyl
NH2- amino/amine
COOH- carboxyl
H2PO4-phosphate
What are the subcategories of carbohydrates? and what are example molecules?
Monosaccrahyide (Glucose, galactose, ribose), Disaccharide (maltose, lactose), Polysaccrahide ( starch, cellulose, glycogen)
What are the subcategories of Lipids? and what are example molecules?
Triglyceride- Fat stored in adipose cells
Phospholipids- lipids forming bilayer in cell membrane
Steroids- Some hormones
What are example molecules of proteins?
enzymes, amino acids
How does digestion occur?
Breaks down macromolecules due to hydrolysis reactions which can break covalent bonds. they are then an appropriate size to be absorbed into the blood stream. DNA in a body cells directs condensation reactions to produce a specific protein from the amino acid
What are the subcategories of nucleic acids? and what are example molecules?
Nucleotides- DNA RNA
What are macromolecules?
Made of smaller molecules called monomers
What is formed in a condensation reaction?
A water molecule.
What happened in a hydrolysis reaction
a water molecule gets split and added into the new smaller molcules.
condensation of many glucose molecules to form a polysaccharide( startch)
Glucose= Starch + water
Whats the formula for a condensation reaction of two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide?
Glucose + Galactose = Lactose + water
Condensation of nucleotide components to form DNA or RNA
Phosphate group + pentose sugar + nitrogenous base = nucleotide + 2 water
Condensation of amino acids to form a polypeptide
Amino acids= protein + water
When two amino acids break apart losing water molecule form a what?
Peptide bond
What always happens in a hydrolysis reaction
Water is always split
What are the digestive enzymes called?
Hydrolysing enzymes
What is an example of a Pentose monosaccharide
Ribose
What is an example of a hexose monosaccharide
Glucose
What are properties of glucose molecules
Molecular stability- covalent bonds don’t break easy
High solubility in water- glucose is polar
Easily transportable- Cause solubility
Yields a great deal of chemical energy
What is starch?
A ploysaccarhidie made up of hundreds of glucose monomers
What do bonds do plants use between glucose molecules?
Alpha 1-4 linkage and Alpha 1-6 linkage
What is amylose?
Carbon 1 is bonded to carbon 4 of the adjoining glucose . the resulting molecule will be linear but in a helix shape
What is amylopectin?
1-6 linkage with branchs
What is glycogen?
A polysaccharide made of glucose monomer in a similar pattern to amylopectin. glycogen reserves are kept within our liver and muscle tissue.
Starch and glycogen use what type of glucose?
Alpha form
Cellulose uses what type of glucose? ( primary component in cell walls)
Beta form
What is the function of cellulose?
To act as a structural molecule in nature
What are the functions of membrane proteins?
-Cell to cell communication
-Transport molcules in and out of the cell
-Cell to cell adhesion
-Catalyst as a result of enzymes sticking to cell membrane
- recognition of body cells versus non body cells
Lipids are known as what?
Triglycerides- one glycerol and three fatty acids formed through condensation reactions.
What are saturated fatty acids?
Fatty acids that contain single bonds between the carbon- relatively high melting point, solid at room temperature
What determines a persons ABO blood type?
The glycoproteins on the surface of a red blood cell
Antigens?
A and B proteins
What is adipose tissue?
Tissue that is composed of cells that store fat in triglycerides
What are monosaturated fatty acids?
Fatty acids that have one double bond between carbons and the hydrocarbon chain. -liquid at room temp
What are polyunsaturated fatty acids?
More than one double bond in the hydrocarbon chain- liquid at room temperature
