A2.1 Origin of cells

Question 1

How old is planet Earth

Answer 1

It is 4.5 billion years old

Question 2

How was Earth believed to be formed?

Answer 2

It was believed that swirling masses of tiny molecules collided with one another and formed larger masses. which in turn had more gravity which attracted other masses eventually forming earth.

Question 3

What molecule was not present?

Answer 3

free oxygen

Question 3

What gases were in higher concentrations that allowed ultraviolet light through

Answer 3

Carbon dioxide and methane

Question 3

What were the compounds in the atmosphere?

Answer 3

Methane, ammonia, carbon dioxide, water vapour, hydrogen sulphide, hydrogen, and nitrogen.

Question 4

What are the functions of organisms?

Answer 4

Metabolism, Growth, Reproduction, Response, Homeostasis, Nutrition, and Excretion.

Question 5

What is metabolism?

Answer 5

All chemical reaction that occur inside the organism. Converting one form of energy into another.

Question 6

What is growth?

Answer 6

Cells accumulating mass. May be limited but always present

Question 7

What is reproduction?

Answer 7

Involving hereditary molecules that can be passed off to offspring

Question 8

What is response?

Answer 8

Responding to stimuli in its environment which allows the cell to adapt.

Question 9

What Is homeostasis

Answer 9

The maintenance of a constant internal environment

Question 10

What is nutrition?

Answer 10

The process of making sure our body’s cells receive the nutrients they need so they can perform all of their major functions

Question 11

What is excretion?

Answer 11

Enables chemical compounds that an organism cannot use or that may be toxic or harmful to the cell.

Question 12

List the components of cell theory.

Answer 12

1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. Cells are the smallest unit of life
3. All cells come from pre existing cells

Question 13

Who first discovered cells in 1665?

Answer 13

Robert Hooke after looking through a self built microscope.

Question 14

What did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discover?

Answer 14

He observed the first living cells and referred to the as “Animalcules”

Question 15

Are viruses considered living organisms? Why or why not?

Answer 15

They are not considered living organisms because they can not carry out functions of life by themselves. They have to rely on host cells in order to live and reproduce.

Question 15

What was the chicken broth experiment?

Answer 15

In the 1880’s Louis Pasteur sterilized chicken broth showing that living organisms were not able to spontaneously reappear. Only after exposure to pre existing cells was life able to be formed again.

Question 15

What did Botanist Matthias Schleiden state?

Answer 15

Plants are made of “Independent, separate beings” called cells.

Question 16

What is the process for cells to evolve?

Answer 16

1. The synthesis of small carbon compounds form abiotic molecules
2. Small organic molecules going to form large chains molecules (Polymers)
3. Polymers becoming contained by membranes, creating a protective homeostasis environment around the polymers depurating from their suroundings.
4. The development of self replicating molecules so that inheritance and control can occur

Question 17

What helps the process of cell evolution

Answer 17

Enzyme like components

Question 18

What are enzymes?

Answer 18

• Can help to from polymers if enzymes are present.
• Biological catalysts that acerbate chemical reactions.
• Carbon compounds which means they always contain carbon and hydrogen and other molecules

Question 19

What are inorganic compounds?

Answer 19

Do not usually contain carbon ( with the exception of CO2)

Question 20

What are Organic compounds?

Answer 20

Contain carbon and are refers to carbon compounds and are quit complex. They are the key to the element of life.

Question 21

What is the Miller-Urey experiment?

Answer 21

It was intended to simulate the condones thought to be during Early Earth, to determine if these gasses could interact to produce the first stage of evolution in life.

Question 22

Explain the Miller-Urey experiment?

Answer 22

• The apparatus is initially charged with simple inorganic compounds CH4, NH3, and H2
• Heat is used to produce water vapour which rises to the container that contains the simple inorganic compounds.
• 2 electrons in a chamber produce 7500 volts at 30 amps of electricity, simulating lightning on early earth.
  -Cold water flows into the condenser to allow the condensation of gaseous compounds from the chamber.
• A sample from the device is collected for chemical analysis.

Question 23

What was concluded from the Miller-Urey experiment?

Answer 23

-Several organic molecules known to exist in organisms were identified
- The molecules included long chains of hydrogen and carbon called hydrocarbons.
- The building blocks of protein called amino acids were found.
-The experiment suggested to scientists that life originated in a primordial soup.