Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

B123 > B1 - You and Your Genes > Flashcards

B1 - You and Your Genes Flashcards

1
Q

What are genes?

A

instructions to control how an organism develops and functions are found in the nucleus of its cells. Describe how to make proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are examples of structural and functional proteins?

A

Structural- collagen

Functional- amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are characteristics determined by?

A

Genetics (eye colour) Many genes work together to form eye colour
Environment (scars)
combination (weight)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

chromosomes in a pair carry the same genes in the ________ place, but that
there may be _______ versions of genes called alleles

A

same

different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many alleles does an individual usually have for a gene?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is heterozygous?

A

When the two alleles of a gene are different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is homozygous?

A

When the two alleles of a gene are the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why do siblings have similarities?

A

because of the combination of

maternal and paternal alleles in the fertilised egg.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why do siblings have differences?

A

different offspring from the same parents can differ from each other because
they inherit a different combination of maternal and paternal alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

an individual with one or both dominant alleles (in a pair of alleles) _______ show the
associated dominant characteristic

A

will

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

an individual with one recessive allele (in a pair of alleles) ____________ show the associated
recessive characteristic

A

will not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

an individual with both recessive alleles (in a pair of alleles) _________ show the associated
recessive characteristic

A

will

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What sex chromosomes do human males have?

A

XY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What sex chromosomes do human females have?

A

XX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is sex determined?

A

the sex-determining gene on the Y chromosome triggers the development of testes, and that in the absence of a Y chromosome ovaries develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is genotype?

A

the genetic make-up of an organism

the combination of alleles

17
Q

What is phenotype?

A

the observable characteristics that the organism has.

18
Q

How are genetic disorders caused?

A

Faulty alleles of a single gene

19
Q

What is an example of a genetic disorder caused by dominant alleles?

A

Huntington’s disease

20
Q

What is an example of a genetic disorder caused by recessive alleles?

A

Cystic fibrosis

21
Q

What are the symptoms of huntington’s?

A

– late onset, tremor, clumsiness, memory loss, inability to

concentrate, mood changes

22
Q

What are the symptoms of cystic fibrosis?

A

thick mucus, difficulty breathing, chest infections, difficulty in digesting food

23
Q

What is a carrier?

A

a person with one recessive allele (in a pair of alleles) will not show the symptoms of the disorder, but can pass the recessive allele to their children

24
Q

What is pre-implantation genetic diagnosis?

A

Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a procedure used on embryos before implantation. Fertility drugs are taken by the female so that several eggs are released and collected by a doctor. These eggs are then fertilised in a Petri dish by sperm, either from the father or a donor. (IVF) Once the embryos have reached the eight-cell stage, one cell is removed from each.
The cells are tested for the allele posing a risk (for example the Huntington’s allele). This is known as PGD. Embryos that don’t contain the unwanted allele are then implanted into the uterus to hopefully create a lower risk, full-term pregnancy.

25
Q

What is predicted testing?

A

This is used to detect genetic disorders where the symptoms develop later in life, such as Huntington’s disorder. Predictive testing can be valuable to people who have no symptoms but have a family member with a genetic disorder. The results can help to inform decisions about possible medical care.

26
Q

Testing an individual before prescribing drugs

A

?

27
Q

What are implications that need to be considered in the genetic testing of adults and embryos?

A

a. risk of miscarriage as a result of cell sampling for the genetic test
b. using results that may not be accurate, including false positives and false negatives
c. whether or not to have children at all
d. whether or not a pregnancy should be terminated
e. whether other members of the family should be informed

28
Q

What are implications for testing embryos for embryo selection prior to implantation?

A

Some believe life begins at conception - destruction of an embryo=destruction of a person
While PGD helps reduce the chances of conceiving a child with a genetic disorder, it cannot completely eliminate this risk. In some cases, further testing is needed during pregnancy to ascertain if a genetic factor is still possible.
Although genetically present, some diseases only generate symptoms when carriers reach middle age. The probability of disorder development should be a topic of discussion with the healthcare provider.

29
Q

What are the implications of the use of genetic testing by others (such as employers and insurers)

A

People may feel discriminated against?

30
Q

How do clones occur naturally? (not animals)

A

bacteria, plants and some animals can reproduce asexually to form clones

31
Q

Why are there sometimes differences between clones?

A

any differences between clones are likely to be due only to environmental factors

32
Q

When do clones occur naturally in plants?

A

clones of plants occur naturally when plants produce bulbs or runners

33
Q

When do clones of animals occur?

A

a. naturally, when cells of an embryo separate (identical twins)
b. artificially, when the nucleus from an adult body cell is transferred to an empty
unfertilised egg cell

34
Q

What are the different types of stem cells?

A

a. adult stem cells which are unspecialised cells that can develop into many, but not all,
types of cells
b. embryonic stem cells which are unspecialised cells that can develop into any type of cell

35
Q

What are the benefits of stem cells being unspecialised?

A

offer the potential to treat some illnesses

36
Q

When do the majority of cells in multicellular organisms become specialised?

A

during the

early development of the organism.

B123 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions