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Biology > B1 - You And Your Genes > Flashcards

B1 - You And Your Genes Flashcards

0
Q

Where are genes found?

A

In the nucleus of every cell

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1
Q

What is a gene?

A

They carry information needed for you to develop

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2
Q

What are chromosomes made up of

A

DNA molecules. 2 very long strands

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3
Q

What is alleles?

A

Different versions of a gene

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4
Q

What is homozygous

A

Where you inherit 2 alleles that are the same

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5
Q

What is heterozygous?

A

Where you inherit 2 alleles that are different

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6
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

Controls the development of a characteristic, even if it’s present on only one chromosome in a pair

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7
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

Controls the development of a characteristic, but if this allele is present it must be on both chromosomes in a pair

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8
Q

How many chromosomes in a cell?

A

46 chromosomes, 23 pairs

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9
Q

What is genotype?

A

The combination of alleles you have

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10
Q

What is your phenotype?

A

The actual characteristics you show

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11
Q

What environmental factors can influence characteristics?

A

Poor diet leads to disease, country can change your language/accent

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12
Q

Why is the Y chromosome called the sex-determining region Y gene?

A

Because if the Y gene isn’t present (there are 2 X chromosomes) the embryo will develop into a female

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13
Q

What happens when the Y chromosome is present but androgen isn’t present?

A

The embryo develops female sex organs (excluding the uterus) or the baby has a female body but is infertile

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14
Q

What are symptoms of huntingtons disease?

A

Involuntary movement, clumsiness, memory loss, mood changes and inability to concentrate

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15
Q

How many parents need to pass on the gene for the child to inherit it and why?

A

One parent because the allele is dominant

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of cystic fibrosis?

A

Weight loss, difficulty on breathing, chest infections and difficulty in digesting food

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17
Q

How many alleles does a person need to inherit cystic fibrosis and why?

A

2 because the allele for cystic fibrosis is recessive

18
Q

What happens if you inherit one allele for cystic fibrosis?

A

You become a carrier of the disease but you do not get the symptoms

19
Q

Why do people disagree with killing someone who has huntingtons disease?

A

Because people do not develop ye symptoms until later life so they could lead a normal life and also false positives

20
Q

Where can you test for faulty allele in a fetus?

A

In the fluid surrounding it

21
Q

What are the risks of testing fetuses?

A

Miscarriages

22
Q

What are the ethical concerns with testing fetuses?

A

Whether pregnancy termination should be considered and the effects it could have on individuals or relationships

23
Q

What is a true positive?

A

The test result says the fetus has the disorder, reality is the fetus has the disorder

24
Q

What is a true negative?

A

Where test says fetus doesn’t have the disorder, reality fetus doesn’t have the disorder

25
Q

What is a false positive?

A

Where the test result says fetus has the disorder, reality is fetus doesn’t have the disorder

26
Q

What is a false negative?

A

Where the test result says fetus doesn’t have the disorder, reality fetus has the disorder

27
Q

What are the opposing views on genetic testing?

A

These disorders are natural and should not be eliminated

28
Q

What is the for view of genetic testing?

A

Means less suffering

29
Q

In embryo selection was is the way embryos can be produced?

A

In vitro fertilisation (IVF)

30
Q

What is the procedure for embryo selection?

A

Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)

31
Q

What is the procedure for embryo selection?

A

After fertilisation embryos dived into 8 cells before a single cell is removed from each for testing to see if they have the alleles for a genetic disorder

32
Q

Why is embryo selection controversial?

A

Some say it’s unnatural, concerns for selecting certain characteristics (eye colour, sex)

33
Q

What are the concerns for pre selection?

A

Reduces variation meaning certain alleles could disappear over time

34
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

An unspecialised cell

35
Q

What can stem cells do?

A

Replace damage tissues to help patient with disease like Parkinson’s disease

36
Q

How many types of stem cells are there and what are they?

A

There are 2, adult and embryonic

37
Q

Where are adult stem cells taken from?

A

Taken from areas that are adapted for the replaced and repair of tissues like the umbilical cord blood and bone marrow

38
Q

What can adult stem cells develop into?

A

A range of specialised cells but not all types

39
Q

Where are embryonic stem cells taken from?

A

Developing embryos

40
Q

What can embryonic stem cells develop into?

A

Any kind on specialised cell

41
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Where single-cell organisms (bacteria) can reproduce by dividing to form 2 new individuals (clones)

42
Q

A gene provides instructions to make what?

A

Proteins

43
Q

What does yeast produce via?

A

Asexual reproduction

Biology (6 decks)

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