B1 - Understanding Ourselves Flashcards
1
Q
What is the difference between ‘healthy’ and ‘fit’?
A
HEALTHY = being free of any infections or diseases. FIT = a measure of a person's ability to perform physical tasks.
2
Q
High blood pressure can cause..?
A
If blood pressure is too high it can cause blood vessels to burst; this can lead to strokes, brain damage, and kidney damage.
3
Q
What can decrease high blood pressure?
A
> Eating a balanced diet,
Regular exercise,
In extreme cases, drugs are used to help correct the problem.
4
Q
Low blood pressure can cause..?
A
Poor circulation which leads to food and oxygen not reaching tissues.
If your brain does not get enough oxygen and food, dizziness and fainting will occur.
5
Q
Which two chemicals in cigarettes increase blood pressure?
A
Carbon monoxide and nicotine.
6
Q
Explain what Carbon Monoxide does.
A
Carbon monoxide combines with the haemoglobin pigment in red blood cells which reduces the amount of oxygen they can carry. To make up for this heart rate has to increase. The heart contracts more frequently, which increases blood pressure.
7
Q
Explain what nicotine does.
A
Nicotine is a stimulant which narrows nlood vessels. It also increases heart rate which leads to the heart contracting more, eventually increasing blood pressure.
This increases the chance of a heart attack.
8
Q
Name three things that increase blood pressure.
A
> Being overweight
Smoking
Alcohol
9
Q
Name three things that decrease blood pressure.
A
> Being a healthy weight
Exercise
Eating a balanced diet
10
Q
Define systolic and diastolic pressure.
A
SYSTOLIC PRESSURE = the maximum pressure the heart produces - ‘squeeze’.
DIASTOLIC PRESSURE = the blood pressure between heartbeats - ‘relax’.
11
Q
Desribe the process of pumping blood around the body.
A
The heart muscle contracts to make a heatbeat. The blood travels away through the arteries which then split into thousands of tiny capillaries.
This blood is under pressure so it can reach all of the cells in the body to transport oxygen and energy to the cells.
The blood then flows back to the heart through the veins.
12
Q
What is blood pressure measured in?
A
Millimetres of mercury (mmHg)
13
Q
Name six things fitness profiles measure.
A
Strength, speed, stability, flexibility, agility, stamina.
14
Q
How long would you be imprisoned if found with Class A drugs?
A
> 7 years in prison and fine for possession.
> Life in prison for supplying.
15
Q
How long would you be imprisoned if found with Class B drugs?
A
> 5 years in prison and fine for possession.
> 14 years in prison for supplying.
16
Q
How long would you be imprisoned if found with Class C drugs?
A
> 2 years in prison and fine for possession.
> 14 years in prison for supplying.
17
Q
Name some Class A drugs.
A
Heroin, Methadone, Cocaine, Ecstasy, LSD, Magic Mushrooms.
18
Q
Name some Class B drugs.
A
Amphetamines, Barbiturates, Cannabis.
19
Q
Name some Class C drugs.
A
Anabolic Steroids, Valium, Tamazapam.
20
Q
What are carbohydrates made up of?
A
Simple sugars (such as Glucose).
21
Q
What are fats made up of?
A
Three Fatty Acids and Glycerol.
22
Q
What are proteins made up of?
A
Amino Acids.
23
Q
What are carbohydrates stored as and where?
A
Carbohydrates are stored as glycogen in the liver or converted to fats.
24
Q
What are fats stored as and where?
A
Fat is stored as Adipose Tissue around organs and under the skin.
25
What are proteins stored as and where?
Proteins are not stored but are used in Urine.
26
Explain first and second class proteins.
Essential amino acids cannot be made by the body, so we have to get them from our diet.
```
Animal proteins are called first class proteins because you can get all the essential amino acids by eating protein that comes from animals.
Plant proteins do not contain all the essential amino acids and are therefore called second class proteins.
```
27
What do pathogens do?
Pathogens are bad because they reproduce and make toxins that may destroy our body cells or make us feel unwell.
The symptoms can be relieved but the pathogen can only be destroyed by an immune system attack.
28
What do white blood cells do?
White blood cells are good because they engulf pathogens and dissolve them with enzymes inside them called LYSOSOMES.
The leftover, broken up pathogen is recycled; the 'bad stuff' is excreted through the skin and other body parts whilst the 'good stuff' is used to help our body.
29
What do antibodies and antigens do?
Antibodies are proteins that locate a pathogen's antigens (proteins found on the external face of the bacteria), lock on, and send out a message to white blood cells through the bloodstream.
Antigens and antibodies are unique depending on the type of bacteria.
30
Explain some external body defences.
> Hairs and Mucus - trap pathogens.
> Eyelashes.
> Tears - lysosomes which dissolve pathogens.
> Skin and Nails - provide physical barriers.
> Stomach acid - digests pathogens.
31
What is the name of the protozoan carried by female mosquitoes that causes Malaria?
Plasmodium
32
Why are the female mosquitoes vectors?
They carry the parasite and do not get the disease.
33
What is the name of the place of which the parasite lives?
The host - it lives off another organism and causes it harm.
34
How can we reduce the spread of malaria?
> Drain or spray the areas of water of which mosquitoes lay eggs.
> Fish can be introduced into the water to eat mosquito larvae.
> People can be protected from mosquitoes using insecticides and mosquito nets.
35
What is monocular vision?
A fish, for example, is prey and has monocular vision because it has predators. It needs this to have a wider vision angle to help it see what lurks behind it.
36
What is Binocular Viison?
Humans and predators have binocualr vision because they have evolved to see in front to hunt and to have a better perspective of distance. Predators have a narrower vision angle as they do not need to see behind.
37
What does the cornea do?
The cornea refracts light into the eye.
38
What does the iris do?
The iris controls how much light enters the pupil.
39
What does the lens do?
The lens refracts light, focusing it onto the retina.
40
What is the retina?
The retina is the light sensitive part that is covered in receptors called rods and cones.
41
What does the optic nerve do?
The optic nerve carries impulses from the receptors to the brain.
42
When is the lens shape wide?
The lens shape is fat when looking at an object which is near. This is because the cilliary muscles are contracted and the suspensory ligaments are slackened.
43
When is the lens shape narrow?
The lens shape is thin when looking at an object which is distant. This is because the cilliary muscles are relaxed and the suspensory ligaments are stretched.
44
What happens when a person is short sighted?
Short sighted people are unable to focus on distant objects because their lens is the wrong shape and bends the light too much or because the eyeball is too long.
The images of distant objects are brought into focus in front of the retina.
45
What type of lens is needed to correct short sighted eyes?
A concave lens is used to correct people's eyes when they are short sighted.
46
What happens when a person is long sighted?
Long sighted people are unable to focus on near objects because their lens is the wrong shape and does not bend the light enough or because the eyeball is too short.
The images of near objects are brought into focus in behind the retina.
47
What type of lens is needed to correct long sighted eyes?
A convex lens is used to correct people's eyes when they are long sighted.
48
Define homeostasis.
Keeping a constant internal environment by balancing body inputs and outputs.
This makes sure that our cells can work to their best ability.
49
What are some examples of homeostasis?
```
> Oxygen levels
> Glucose levels
> Insulin levels
> Water content
> Heart rate
> Waste levels
> Blood pressure
```
50
What are some things that we do when we are cold?
> Shiver
> Blood vessels contract - vasoconstriction
> Goosebumps - erection of hair
> Hypothermia can occur
51
What are some things that we do when we are hot?
> Sweat
> Blood vessels expand - vasodilation
> Hairs lie flat
> Dehydration and hyperthermia can occur
52
Why do we sweat?
Sweat uses heat from our skin to evaporate. This cools our skin and the blood flowing through.
53
What is our normal core body temperature?
37 degrees Celsius
54
At which two temperatures does death occur?
42 degrees Celsius
| 25 degrees Celsius
55
What is the function of Insulin and where is the endocrine gland?
Insulin controls the glucose levels in the blood. It is secreted from the pancreas.
56
What is the function of Adrenalin and where is the endocrine gland?
Adrenalin prepares the body for 'flight or fight'. It is secreted from the adrenals.
57
What is the function of Thyroxin and where is the endocrine gland?
Thyroxin helps with normal bodily functions. It is secreted from the thyroid.
58
What is the function of Oestrogen and Progesterone and where is the endocrine gland?
Oestrogen and Progesterone regulate menstual cycles. The hormones are secreted from the ovaries.
59
What is the function of Testosterone and where is the endocrine gland?
Testosterone controles male sexual characteristics. It is secreted from the testes.
60
What is the function of the growth hormone and where is the endocrine gland?
The growth hormone prepares body for growth. It is secreted from the pituitary.
61
What happens to blood sugar levels after eating?
The blood sugar levels increase.
| The pancreas then gives out insulin to tell the liver to absorb more glucose.
62
What happens to blood sugar levels after exercising?
The blood sugar levels drop.
| The pancreas then gives out glucagon to tell the liver to release some glucose.
63
Explain Type 1 Diabetes.
The pancreas produces little or no insulin. This can result in the person's blood glucose level rising to a level that can kill them.
64
Explain Type 2 Diabetes.
A person becomes resistant to insulin and doesn not respond to the hormone properly. This can cause the blood glucose levels to rise to a dangerous level.
65
What are auxin?
Auxin are plant hormones which control growth at the tips of shoots and roots. hey move through the plant in solution.
Auxin is produced in the tips and diffuses backwards to simulate the cells elongation process which occurs in the cells just behind the tips.
Auxin promotes growth in the shoot, but actually inhibits growth in the root.
Auxin are involved in the growth responses of plants to light (phototropism) amnd gravity (geotropism).
66
What is light tropism called?
What is water tropism called?
What is gravitational tropism called?
Phototropism
Hydrotropism
Geotropism
67
What positive and negative tropisms do roots have?
Roots are positively geotropic and grow towards gravity. A root growing sideways will have more auxin on its lower side but in a root, the extra auxin inhibits growth, This means the cells on top elongate faster, and the root bends downwards.
Roots are negatively phototropic and grow away from light. If a root starts being exposed to some light, more auin accumulates on the more shaded side. The auxin inhibits cell elongation on the shaded side, so the root bends downwards, back into the ground.
68
What positive and negative tropisms do shoots have?
Shoots are positively phototropic and grow towards light. When a shoot tip is exposed to light, it accumulates more auxin on the side that is in the shade than the side that is in the light. This makes the cells elongate faster on the shaded side, so the shoot bends towards the light.
Shoots are negatively geotropic and grow away from gravity. When a shoot is growing sideways, gravity produces an unequal distribution of auxin in the tip, with more auxin on the lower side. This causes the lower side to grow faster, bending the shoot upwards.
69
Explain what happens to a plant when their tips are cut off.
No auxin will be produced, therefore the stems will no longer grow.
70
Explain what happens to a plant when their tips are covered with aluminium.
Lots of auxin will be produced, therefore the stems will grow to be very tall.
71
Explain what happens to a plant when it is exposed to a little bit of light from one direction.
The stems will grow towards the light because the growth would only occur on the dark side. This will continue to grow and bend over as the side in the light will not be growing.
72
What is Synthetic Auxin used for?
Sythetic Auxin is used as a selective weed killer. It is sprayed on weeds but only kills broad leaved weeds, leaving the narrow leaved crops unaffected.
73
What is Gibberellic Acid used for?
Gibberellic Acid is used to germinate seeds.
74
What is Based Rooting Powder used for?
Based Rooting Powder is used to make roots grow on plant cuttings.
75
Name some inherited characteristics.
```
> Eye colour
> Blood group
> Haemophilia
> Colour blindness
> Cystic Fibrosis
> Albinism
> Sex
```
76
Name some environmentally dependant characteristics.
```
> Measles
> Anorexia
> Scurvy
> Malaria
> Anaemia
>AIDS
```
77
Name some characteristics that occur from both inheritance and the environment.
```
> Height
> Weight
> Skin Colour
> Freckles
> Shoe size
> Intelligence
```
78
When does a recessive allele show?
A recessive allele only shows if the individual has two copies of the recessive allele.
(For example: the allele for blue eyes is recessive so you need two copies of the allele to have them).
79
When does a dominant allele show?
A dominant allele always shows, even if the individual only has one copy of the allele.
80
Define heterozygous.
Different alleles
81
Define homozygous.
Identical alleles
82
Define genotype.
The genetic make up
83
Define phenotype.
The type of characteristic
| e.g. eye colour
84
How many chromosomes are in each body cell?
46 chromosomes
| 23 pairs
85
Define mutation.
Mutations are changes in the structure of DNA.
86
What causes mutations?
> Ionising radiation (UV light, X-Rays).
> Certain chemicals (Tars in tobacco smoke, asbestos, mustard gas).
> Mutations may be spontaneous.
87
Where are chromosomes found?
In the nucleus of a cell.
88
What is a gene?
Genes are carried in chromosomes.
89
What are gametes?
Sperm cells and egg cells are gametes. They are formed in the ovaries or testes.
90
How many chromosomes do gametes have and why?
Gametes are made from body cells that have 23 pairs of chromosomes. In each pair, there is one chromosome thy was originally inherited from 'mum' and one that was inherited from 'dad'.
When each of these body cells split to form gametes, the chromosomes are also split. This means that the gametes end up with half the number of chromosomes of a normal body cell.
So gametes have 23 chromosomes.
91
What are some causes of variation?
> Gamete formation
> The act of fertilisation
> Mutation
> The act of sex
92
The spinal cord and brain make the...?
Central Nervous System
93
What is the sequence of how the CNS coordinates information?
> Stimulus
> Sensory Receptor
> Sensory Neurone
> Relay Neurone
> Motor Neurone
> Effector - muscle/gland
94
What is a reflex action?
A reflex action is a very quick and automatic reaction to something like pain or a surprise sound.
The conscious mind isn't involved in a reflex arc. The nervous system uses electronic impulses.
The sensory neurone connects to a relay neurone in the spinal chord which links directly to the right motor neurone.
95
How do neurones transmit information around the body?
> The electrical impulse is passed along the Axon of the cell.
> Neurones have Dendrites so they can connect with lots of other neurones.
> They have a sheath along the axon (called the Myelin Sheath) that acts as an electrical insulator, which speeds up the electrical impulse.
> They are long, which also speeds up the impulse as there are less connections needed.
> The connection between two neurones is called a synapse.
> The electrical impulse triggers the release of transmitter chemicals, hitch diffuse across the gap.
> These chemical bind to the receptor molecules in the membrane of the next neurone. This sets off a new electrical impulse.
96
What effect do stimulants have on neurones?
Stimulant drugs increase the amount of neurotransmitter at some synapses, which increases the frequency of impulses along the postsynaptic neurone.
97
What effect do depressants have on neurones?
Depressants bind with receptor molecules on the membrane of Neurone 2, blocking the electrical impulse. This decreases brain activity.
98
What is immunisation?
Immunisation involves injecting dead or inactive pathogens into the body. These carry antigens so even though they are inactive, they still trigger an immune response.
Some of these white blood cells will remain in the blood as memory cells so if live pathogens of the same type wee appear, the antibodies to kill them will be produced immediately.
99
What type of immunity is immunisation classed as?
Immunisation is classed as active immunity.
Active immunity is where the immune system makes it's own antibodies after being stimulated by a pathogen.
It includes becoming naturally immune and artificially immune. Active immunity is usually permanent.
100
What is passive immunity?
Passive immunity is where you use antibodies made by another organism.
Passive immunity is only temporary.
(E.g. Antibodies are passed from mother to baby through breast milk).
101
What are the risks of immunisation?
> Possible short term side effects include - swelling, redness and feeling unwell.
> Vaccines cannot be done if already ill, as immune system is weakened.
> Some think that immunisation can cause other disorders.
102
What are the benefits of immunisation?
> Immunisation stops people from getting ill.
> If most people have been vaccined, disease will not spread very much.
