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Biology > B1 Cells and Organisation > Flashcards

B1 Cells and Organisation Flashcards

Microscopes, Animal and plant cells, eukaryotic and prokaryotic, specialisation, diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exchanging materials.

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1
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

a jelly-like fluid that fills the cell.

where most of the cell’s chemical reactions take place.

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2
Q

(Bacterial cells)

What are flagella?

A

(only some bacteria have flagella)

they are whip-like structures used for movement

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3
Q

(Bacterial cells)

What are plasmids?

A

Small rings of DNA.

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4
Q

What type of cell are bacteria?

A

Prokaryotic

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5
Q

Does Cell differentiation occur in mature animals? If so, why?

A

It does but rarely. It does do to replace cells and repair tissues.

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6
Q

How are sperm cells specialised?

A

They have a ‘head’, an Acrosome (enzyme tip), Tail, and the ‘middle section’.

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7
Q

What does the ‘head’ of the sperm cell contain?

A

The nucleus contains half of the genetic information.

This combines with the egg cell to fertilize it.

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8
Q

What is an Acrosome?

A

The Acrosome contains enzymes needed for penetrating the egg cell.

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9
Q

Where is the Acrosome?

A

At the tip of the head of a sperm cell.

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10
Q

What is the ‘tail’ of a sperm cell? what does it do?

A

It is used for the cell’s motion. It allows the sperm to travel to the egg for fertilisation.

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11
Q

How does the tail move?

A

The ‘middle section’ contains lots of mitochondria to provide the energy needed.

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12
Q

What is the ‘middle section’ of a sperm cell?

A

It is the part filled with mitochondia to provide the cell with energy for movement.

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13
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

When a cell gains new sub- cellular structures in order to perform a specific function. When this happens the cell becomes ‘specialised’

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14
Q

How do sperm cells move their tail?

A

In a corkscrew motion

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15
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

Respire aerobically to release energy in the cell.

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16
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Enzymes are ‘biological catalysts’. They speed up the rate of chemical reactions without being used up themselves.

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17
Q

What kind of signals do nerve cells transmit?

A

Electrical

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18
Q

How big are eukaryotic cells?

A

10 - 100 µm (micrometer)

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19
Q

What do ALL eukaryotic cells contain?

A

All eukaryotic cells contain a cell membrane, cytoplasm and a nucleus.

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20
Q

Do Prokaryotic cells contain nuclei?

A

Prokaryotic cells do NOT have a nucleus. Instead, their genetic material is stored in a single DNA loop in the cytoplasm.

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21
Q

Examples of eukaryotic cells are..?

A

Plants, animals, fungi, protists

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22
Q

Examples of prokaryotic cells:

A

Bacteria

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23
Q

How big are prokaryotic cells?

A

0.1 - 5.0 µm

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24
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

They are responsible for synthesising (making) proteins.

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25
Q

What is a Permanent vacuole?

A

it is a fluid-filled sac which takes up 90% of a cell’s volume. it has a partially permeable membrane.

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26
Q

What does a permanent vacuole do?

A

Gives support and structure to a cell.

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27
Q

What is a chloroplast?

A

They contain chlorophyll, which is used in photosynthesis.

28
Q

What is a cell wall? What does it do?

A

The cell wall surrounds the cell. It increases the structural strength of the cell.

29
Q

What is the cell wall made of?

A

Made of cellulose.

30
Q

When does cell differentiation occur?

A

When a cell aquires different sub-cellular structures.

31
Q

What does an animal cell contain? (5 things)

A

Cytoplasm, cell membrane, nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria

32
Q

What does a permanent vacuole store?

A

They store sap.

33
Q

What is the nucleus and what does it do?

A

The control centre of the cell, which contains the genetic material, in the form of chromosomes.

34
Q

What is the cell membrane and what does it do?

A

Separates the interior of the cell from the environment outside. It is selectively permeable (it can control substances moving in and out of the cell).

35
Q

What is the resolving power in a microscope? [1]

A

Resolving power is the smallest size that a microscope can show.

36
Q

What is photosynthesis? [1]

what does it do? [1]

A
  • Photosynthesis is the reaction plants use to make glucose

- Glucose is used in respiration, growth and repair in plants.

37
Q

What are examples of specialised animal cells?

How are they specialised? [3]

A

1) Sperm - has a tail to move.
2) Nerve - carries electrical impulses
3) Muscle - can contract and relax

38
Q

What are examples of specialised plant cells?

How are they specialised? [3]

A

1) Root hair - Absorbs water and mineral ions
2) Xylem - carries water and minerals
3) Phloem - carries glucose to cells

39
Q

What does a plant cell contain? (8 things)

A

Mitochondria, Cell membrane, ribosomes, nucleus, cytoplasm, vacuole, cell wall, chloroplasts

40
Q

What do Xylem cells transport?

A

Water and mineral ions

41
Q

What do phloem cells transport?

A

‘food’ (glucose) made by photosynthesis

42
Q

What direction do xylem cells transport substances?

A

From root to shoot. Only ONE direction.

43
Q

Other than transporting substances, why are xylem cells important? How do they do this?

A

They give the plant structure - they are alive when first formed but a chemical called ‘lignin’ builds up in cell walls. The cells die and form long, hollow tubes that allow water and mineral ions to be transported.

44
Q

What makes xylem cells strong?

A

Spirals of lignin in xylem cell walls make them very strong.

45
Q

How are phloem cells specialised?

A

They are tube-like, but have holes in their end walls for cytoplasm (goo where reactions happen) to move through and transport glucose and plant food.

46
Q

How are phloem cells supported?

A

They have ‘companion cells’, whose mitochondria transfer energy for the food to move.

47
Q

what direction does phloem take substances?

A

Phoem takes substances BOTH up and down the plant, to areas of growth and/or repair.

48
Q

What are the three types of transport in cells?

A

Diffusion, Osmosis and Active transport

49
Q

What does diffusion transfer?

A

It is the movement of gas or dissolved minerals.

50
Q

True or false: Diffusion goes against a concentration gradient

A

FALSE. Diffusion goes DOWN a concentration gradient. (Imagine it’s like a slide)

51
Q

What direction does diffusion take a substance?

A

High concentration —> Low concentration

52
Q

Name three things that can affect the rate (speed of) diffusion.

A
  • Difference in concentrations
  • Temperature
  • Surface Area
53
Q

Where does diffusion happen in the body?

A 
In cells (across cell membrane) 
In lungs (oxygen into and carbon dioxide out of Red Blood cells)
54
Q

Osmosis is the net (overall) movement of…

A

Water (ONLY)

55
Q

does a dilute solution have a high concentration of water or a low concentration?

A 
Dilute = high conc. (of water - low conc. of solute) 
concentrated = low conc of water
56
Q

How is osmosis different?

A

It moves through a partially permeable membrane. These only allow some types of subtance to get through

57
Q

define Isotonic

A

when the concentration of solutes (dissolved substance) is the same IN the cell as it is OUTSIDE the cell.

58
Q

Define Hypertonic (NOT HYPOtonic)

A

The concentration of solutes outside is HIGHER than inside.

59
Q

Define Hypotonic (NOT HYPERtonic)

A

The concentration of solutes outside is LOWER than inside.

60
Q

Why is osmosis important in body cells?

A

It maintains the pressure inside the cell, which is called turgor.

61
Q

True or false- active transport does not require energy

A

False - unlike Osmosis and diffusion, Active Transport needs energy. Osmosis and diffusion are PASSIVE, active transport is ACTIVE

62
Q

What direction does active transport go?

A

Low Concentration —> High concentration.

AGAINST a concentration gradient

63
Q

What does active transport move?

A

Mineral ions (eg. magnesium or nitrates)

64
Q

How is the Surface area : volume ratio important?

A

It affects the rate of reaction.

65
Q

What are exchange surfaces?

A

They usually have a large surface area and thin walls, to maximise efficiency across surfaces.

Biology (8 decks)

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