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Biology > B1-cells > Flashcards

B1-cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell

A

A cell that contains a nucleus eg plant and animal

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2
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A cell that contains no nucleus eg bacteria cell

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3
Q

Define DNA

A

the genetic info found in all living organisms

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4
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes

A

To protein synthesise

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5
Q

Define organelle

A

A sub cellular structure. Part of cell with specific function

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6
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Where aerobic respiration occurs

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7
Q

Function of chloroplasts

A

Where photosynthesis occurs

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8
Q

Function of cytoplasm

A

Jelly like substance where chemical reactions occur such as anaerobic respiration

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9
Q

Function of nucleus

A

Contains a cells genetic material. Found in eukaryotic

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10
Q

Function of cell membrane

A

To control what moves in and out of the cell

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11
Q

Function of vacuole

A

Omly in pkant cell filled with cell sap to keep the cell turgid

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12
Q

Function of cell wall

A

To provide structure and support to the cell. made of cellulose (a sugar)

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13
Q

Define oamosis

A

The movement of water from an area of high concentration to low concentration through a partially permeable membrane

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14
Q

Define diffusion

A

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration through a partially permeable membrane

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15
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane

A

A membrane with holes to allow small substances through

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16
Q

Define active transport

A

The movement of particles from an area of low concentration to high concentration against the concentration gradient. Requires energy.

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17
Q

Name the 3 stages of mitosis

A

Interphase. Mitosis. Cytokinesis.

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18
Q

What is mitosis

A

Cell division in body cells producing 2 genetically identical daughter cells. Used for organism growth and cell replacement

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19
Q

Which sub cellular structures are in animal cell

A

Ribosome. Mitochondria .cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

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20
Q

Which subcellular structures are in plant cells

A

Chloroplasts. Mitochondria. Cell wall. Cell membrane. Vacuole. Cytoplasm.. nucleus. Ribosomes.

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21
Q

What is cellulose

A

A tyoe of sugar that makes up cell wall

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22
Q

Which subcellular structures are inside bacteria cell

A

Cell membrane. Simple capsule. Cell wall. Plasmids. Flagella. Cytoplasm. Genetic material. Ribosomes.

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23
Q

What are plasmids

A

Loops of dna in bacteria cells

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24
Q

Name the two substances that into the cells from the blood

A

Glucose carbon dioxide

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25
Q

Define specialised cells

A

Cells that are adapted to make them better at their job/function

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26
Q

Why dont root hair cells have chloroplasts

A

Because they are underground meaning they do not need to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis since cloroplasts are the sight of photosynthesis

27
Q

Define cell differentiation

A

When a cell becomes specialised to do a speciific job

28
Q

Nerve cell

A

Found in nervous system

Job is to carry electrical impulses to different parts of the bodies

Adaptions long connections at each end to connect with other cells has an insulation layer

29
Q

Ciliated epithelium

A

Trachea (wind pipe)

Function to stop lung damage. Hair sweeps mucus with trapped dust back to throat

Adaptioms they line all the air passages down to lungs. They have tint hairs called cilia

30
Q

Sperm cell

A

Found in testies
Function is to carrys fathers genetic info to the egg
Adaptations long tail so theu can swim to egg enzymes on head so they can get into egg (scissors) 23 chromosomes has mitochondria to release energy

31
Q

Red blood cell

A

Blood
Function to carey oxygen from lungs to the body and carbon dioxide from the body back to lungs
Adaptations dimple like shape (biconcawe) large surface area no nucleus to make room for oxygen conrains haemoglobin which picks up oxygen

32
Q

Egg cell

A

Ovaries
Function is to carry mother genetic info (DNA)
Adaptations comtains a yolk that acts like a food source much larger than other animal cells

33
Q

Palisade cell

A

Top of a leaf
Function is to carey out photosynthesis to help make plant food
Adaptations tell and large surface area to catch sunlight packed with chloroplasts to absorb sunlight found in top of lead

34
Q

Root hair cell

A

Plant root
Function is to absorb water and minerals from soil
Adaptations large surface area to absorb water
Larg vacuole to store water thin cell wall to allow water thru Dosent contain chloroplasts

35
Q

White blood cell

A

Blood
Function is to protect bodies from sickness. Helps fight bascteria allergies viruses and cancer.
Adaptations lasts 1 to 5 days and our bodies are always making more

36
Q

Define magnification

A

How much bigger a sample appears under the microscope than in real life

37
Q

Define resolution

A

The ability to distinguish between two points on an image. The amount of detail

38
Q

Calculation for total magnification

A

Total magnification=objective magnifiction x eyepiece magnification

39
Q

Calculatiom for magnification

A

Aim
Magnification (X) =image size (mm)/actual real size (um)

40
Q

Define multicellular organism

A

An organism that contains different types of cells that Carry out different functions

41
Q

Define chromosomes

A

A strand of DNA

42
Q

What is a compound microscope

A

That uses 2 or more lenses

43
Q

Light microscopes

A

Used for hundreds of years
Speciman can be living
Quite cheap
2d image only
Uses light rays
Coloured
X1000 to x2000 magnification

44
Q

Electron microscopes

A

Very recently inveneted
Specimen is dead
Cery expensive
3d image can be produced
X2,000,000 magnification
Uses electrons bc of high energy
Detailed
Black and white

45
Q

Where do we find all our dna

A

In the nucleus of a cell

46
Q

When does an egg cell become fertilisrd

A

When it has 46 chromosomes not 23

47
Q

What happens during interphase

A

Duplication of all the subcellular structures and chromosomes

48
Q

What happens during mitosis (stage 2)

A

Chromosomes increase in size and line up in the middle of the cell. Spindle fibres pull each chromosome to opposite poles. Nucleur membrane formed and divides into 2 identical nuclei

49
Q

What happens during cytokinesis

A

Subcellular structure and nucleus migrate to each pole. Cytoplasm divides and new membrane is formed. 2 genetically identical daughter cells are formed

50
Q

Define stem cell

A

An unspecialised cell that can become any type of cell

51
Q

What can stem cells be used to treat

A

To repair damaged organs. Can treat leukaemia diabetes and parkinsons diesease

52
Q

Which types of cells can adult stem cells become

A

Blood cells

53
Q

Where do adult and embryonic stem cells come from

A

Adult-bone marrow
Embryonic-developing embryo

54
Q

Advantages and disadvantaged of adult stem cells

A

A- donor can give permission
More ethical
Cheaper

D-higher chnace of bodies immune system rejecting the adult cells compared to embryonic
Can only become blood cells

55
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of embryonic stem cells

A

A-can develop into any type of cell
Lower chnace of rejection
Divides faster
D-unethical
Embryo cant give permission
5x more expensive for fewer cells
Could still fail-wasted life
Chance of viral infection

56
Q

Are stem cells also found in plants?

A

Yes. Found in meristems (tissue). Can be used to clone rare specicies with desired features

57
Q

Benedicts test

A

Test for glucose (sugar). If present it will turn brick red if negative it will remain blue

58
Q

Iodine test

A

Test for starch if present it will turn black if negative it will remain brown

59
Q

Reactants and products of photosynthesis

A

Reactants- carbon dioxide and water
Products- glucose and oxygen

60
Q

How are alveoli adapted for diffusion

A

Good blood supply. Large surface area. Thin membrane. Moist

61
Q

How can we speed the rate of diffusion (rw)

A

More sugar in the tube-steeper concentration gradient

Increasing temp more ke for the particles to move from high to low concentration

Using a longer visking tube larger surface area more holes for the particles to past thru

62
Q

Calculation for % chnage

A

%change=change/original x 100

63
Q

Explain why root hair cells might use active transport

A

Absorb mineral ions agaianst the concentration gradient

Biology (2 decks)

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