B1 Cell Structure Transport Flashcards
Eukaryotic cells
Cells from eukaryotes that have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material enclosed in a nucleus
Nucleus
Organelle found in many living cells containing the genetic information surrounded by the nuclear membrane
Bacteria
Single-celled prokaryotic organisms
Cell membrane
The membrane around the contents of a cell that controls what moves in and out of the cell
Cell wall
The rigid structure around plant and algal cells. It is made of cellulose and strengthens the cell
Cellulose
The complex carbohydrate that makes up plant and algal cell walls and gives them strength
Chlorophyll
The green pigment contained in the chloroplasts
Chlorophlasts
The organelles in which photosynthesis takes place
Diffusion
The spreading out of the particles of any substance in a solution, or particles in a gas, resulting in a net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration down a concentration gradient
Active transport
A method of transporting molecules or ions across a membrane against a concentration gradient, moving molecules or ions from a region of low concentration to one of high concentration.
This is an active process requiring energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Special carrier proteins in the cell membrane are needed to pump the molecules or ions.
Algae
Simple aquatic organisms (protista) that make their own food by photosynthesis
Alveoli
Tiny air sacs in the lungs that increase the surface area for gaseous exchange
Cytoplasm
The water-based gel in which the organelles of all living cells are suspended and most of the chemical reactions of life take place
Osmosis
The diffusion of water through a partially permeable membrane from a dilute solution (which has a high concentration of water) to a concentrated solution (with a low concentration of water|) down a concentration gradient
Hypertonic (osmosis)
A solution that is more concentrated than the cell contents
Isotonic (osmosis)
A solution that is the same concentration as the cell contents
Hypotonic (osmosis)
A solution that is the lower concentration as the cell contents
Mitochondria
The site of aerobic cellular respiration in a cell
Partially permeable membrane
A membrane that allows only certain substances to pass through
Permanent vacuole
Space in the cytoplasm filled with cell sap
Phloem
The living transport tissue in plants that carries dissolved food (sugars) around the plant
Plasmolysis
The state of plant cells when so much water is lost from the cell by osmosis that the vacuole and cytoplasm shrink
and the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall
Prokaryotic cells
From prokaryotic organisms have a cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane, and a cell wall that does not contain
cellulose. The genetic material is a DNA loop that is free in the cytoplasm and not enclosed by a nucleus.
Sometimes there are one or more small rings of DNA called plasmids
Resolving power
A measure of the ability to distinguish between two separate points that are very close together
Ribosomes
The site of protein synthesis in a cell
Sperm
The male sex cells or gametes that carry the genetic material from the male parent
Stomata
Openings in the leaves of plants, particularly on the underside and opened and closed by guard cells, allowing
gases to enter and leave the leaf
Turgor
The pressure inside a plant cell exerted by the cell contents pressing on the cell wall
Ventilated
Movement of air or water into and out of the gas exchange organ, for example lungs or gills
Xylem
The non-living transport tissue in plants that transports water from the roots to the leaves and shoots
Water Potential
Water potential is the ability of water to move freely.
Solutes prevent water from moving freely
Therefore pure water can move freely and has high water potential, while water with solutes has a lower water potential.
