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AQA Biology GCSE LIZ :) > B1 - Cell structure and transport > Flashcards

B1 - Cell structure and transport Flashcards

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1
Q

Features of a Light microscope

A

Use a beam of light to form an image
Can magnify up to 2000x
Can view living objects
Relatively cheap
Easy to transport

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2
Q

features of electron microscope

A

uses a beam of electrons to form the image
can magnify up to 2,000,000x
high resolution
can’t view living things
are expensive and needs to be kept in special conditions

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3
Q

what are the 2 kinds of electron microscopes?

A

1) transmission electron microscope - gives image in 2D

2) scanning electron microscope - 3D images but lower resolution.

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3
Q

Resolving power of a light microscope?

A

200nm

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4
Q

resolving power of a transmission electron microscope?

A

0.2nm

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5
Q

what is the formula for magnification?

A

magnification = image size / object size

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6
Q

Function of a nucleus

A

controls cell activities
The genes on the chromosomes in the nucleus carry the instructions for making proteins

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7
Q

function of cytoplasm

A

a liquid gel where the organelles are suspended and where a lot of the chemical reactions take place

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8
Q

function of the cell membrane

A

controls the movement of substances into the cell e.g. glucose & mineral ions and other substances like urea and hormones out of the cell

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9
Q

function of the mitochondria

A

where energy is transferred in aerobic respiration

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10
Q

function of the ribosomes

A

where protein synthesis takes place

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11
Q

what do plant cells have that animal cells don’t

A

cell wall
permanent vacuole
chloroplasts/chlorophyll

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12
Q

function of cell wall-

A

made of cellulose and is used for support

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13
Q

function of the chloroplasts

A

contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis; the chloroplasts absorb light to make food

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14
Q

function of the permanent vacuole

A

it contains cell sap which helps contain the cell rigid and helps support the plant

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15
Q

what are eukaryotic cells?

A

cells that contain a cell membrane, cytoplasm and have a nucleus. the nucleus has chromosomes which are made up of DNA

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16
Q

examples of eukaryotic cells?

A

plant cells, fungi, Protista, all animal cells

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17
Q

example of prokaryotic cell

A

bacteria

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18
Q

what is bacteria?

A

a single celled living organisms. they are prokaryotic

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19
Q

what is this called - μm

A

micrometres

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20
Q

how big are bacteria cells?

A

0.2 - 2 μm
thye can only be seen with a powerful microscope

21
Q

what do bacteria cells contain?

A

cell membrane
cell wall surrounding the cytoplasm
circles of DNA
plasmids

22
Q

how is a bacteria cell wall different from plant cell walls?

A

a bacteria cell wall isn’t made up of cellulose

23
Q

where is the genetic material found in bacteria cells?

A

in the cytoplasm as a long strand on DNA. They also sometimes contain small rings of DNA called plasmids.

24
Q

what does bacteria form when it multiplies?

A

a colony

25
Q

what is a specialised cell?

A

a differentiated cell that has a particular function to carry out

26
Q

function of nerve cells?

A

to carry electrical impulses around the body

27
Q

how are nerve cells adapted?

A

Many dendrites to make Connections to other cells
An axon to carry the impulse from one place to the other
Nerve endings or synapses which pass impulses to other cells by producing transmitter chemicals
Lots of mitochondria in the synapses to transfer the energy to make the transmitter chemicals

28
Q

what is the function of muscle cells?

A

to contract

29
Q

what are the two types of muscle cells/

A

striated (striped) muscle cells - these are the cells that allow your body to move

smooth muscle cells - in the gut and the tissues of the digestive system

30
Q

in order to contract, what do striated muscle cells contain? (how are they specialised?)

A

special proteins that slide over each other
lots of mitochondria to transfer energy for chemical reactions
a store of glycogen that can be broken down and used in respiration to transfer energy

31
Q

why do muscle cells contain lots of mitochondria?

A

so they can release energy during aerobic respiration - muscle cells need energy to contract

32
Q

function of a sperm cell

A

to carry the male genetic info and to move through water or the female reproductive system to reach the egg.

33
Q

How are sperm cells specialised?

A

A long tail that whips from side to side to move the sperm
A middle section full of mitochondria to transfer the energy needed by the tail to move
An acrosome containing digestive enzymes to break down the outer layers of the egg cell.
A large nucleus containing all the male genetic info

34
Q

where are root hair cells found

A

in the tips of the roots of the plant

35
Q

how are root hair cells adapted?

A

they have a root hair to increase their surface area to maximise space for absorption if mineral ions and water.
They have a large permanent vacuole to increase the rate of water movement through osmosis from the soil across the root hair cell.
Has lots of mitochondria to transfer the energy needed for the active transport of mineral ions into the root hair cell.

36
Q

adaptations of photosynthetic cells

A

have lots of chloroplasts containing chlorophyll to absorb the sunlight needed for photosynthesis
they are found in the continuous layers of the leaf and the outer layers of stem
have a large permanent vacuole that helps keep the cell rigid.

37
Q

what are the functions of xylem cells?

A

to transport mineral ions and water from the roots to the leaves and stem.
it also supports the plant

38
Q

how are xylem cells adapted for its function?

A

xylem cells are living when they are first formed
a chemical called lignin build up in in spirals in the cell walls
the cells die, leaving hollow tubes that water and mineral ions can easily move up.
the spirals and rings of lignin make the xylem very strong

39
Q

what is the function of phloem cells?

A

the tissue that transports dissolved sugars and food made by photosynthesis from the leaves to the rest of the cell.
They form a tube but doesn’t end up lignified like the xylem.

40
Q

how are phloem cells adapted for their function?

A

the cell wall in between the phloem cells break down to make sieve plates.
phloem cells lose a lot of their structure but are kept alive through companion cells.
the companion cells contain mitochondria that transfer energy to help the phloem transport the dissolved sugars.

41
Q

what is diffusion?

A

the movement of particles from areas of high to low concentration

42
Q

examples of diffusion in our bodies

A

oxygen and glucose diffusing into the cells of the body from the bloodstream for respiration
diffusion of oxygen and co2 in opposite directions in the lungs - the gas exchange
the diffusion of simple sugars and amino acids from the gut through cell membranes

43
Q

what is osmosis

A

the movement of water across a partially permeable membrane down the conc. gradient

44
Q

what is it called when the 2 solutions have the same concentration?

A

isotonic

45
Q

what is the solution that has has higher concentration? (more solute and less water)?

A

hypertonic

46
Q

what is it called when the solution is more dilute (less solute and more water)?

A

hypotonic

47
Q

what happens when an animal cell is in a hypertonic solution?

A

water moves out of the cell and the cell shrinks

48
Q

what happens when an animal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?

A

water moves into the cell down the conc. gradient and the cell could burst

49
Q

when does turgor pressure occur?

A

when no more water can enter the cell due to the pressure inside

50
Q

what is plasmolysis?

A

when a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution and lots of the water leaves the cell so the vacuole and the cytoplasm shrinks so the membrane pulls away from the cell wall

51
Q

what is active transport?

A

the movement of substances up the conc. gradient. It requires energy

AQA Biology GCSE LIZ :) (2 decks)

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