B1 - Cell Structure and Transport Flashcards
How long is the average animal cell?
-10-30 micrometres
What does the nucleus do?
- Controls all activities of the cell
- Contains DNA packed into chromosomes
What does the cytoplasm do?
- Liquid gel in which the organelles are suspended
- Most chemical reactions happen here
What does the cell membrane do?
-Controls what substances go in and out the cell
What do the ribosome do?
-Protein synthesis
What do the mitochondrion do?
- Aerobic respiration,
- Produces energy. 1-2 μm in diameter and 0.2-0.7 μm in length.
What organelles does the animal cell include?
- Cell membrane,
- Ribosomes,
- Mitochondria,
- Cytoplasm,
- Nucleus
How long is the average plant cell?
-10 to 100 micrometres
What do the chloroplasts do?
- Filled with chlorophyll
- Plants make their food here
What does the cell wall do?
- Made of cellulose
- Strengthens the cell
What does the vacuole do?
- Filled with cell sap
- Supports cell
What organelles does the plant cell include?
- Cell membrane,
- Ribosomes,
- Mitochondria,
- Cytoplasm,
- Nucleus,
- Vacuole,
- Cell wall,
- Chloroplasts
What are algae?
-Algae are simple aquatic organisms that make their own food by synthesis
What makes a sperm cell specialised?
- Long tail,
- Lots of mitochondria,
- Has a digesting enzyme that breaks down the outer layer of the egg called an acrosome,
- Large nucleus
What makes a nerve cell specialised?
- Dendrites to connect to other nerve cells,
- Axon carries nerve impulse,
- Synapse full of mitochondria to make neurotransmitters
What makes a muscle cell specialised?
- Special proteins to make fibres contract,
- Lots of mitochondria,
- Stores glycogen
What makes a root hair cell specialised?
- Increased surface area to collect water and minerals more quickly,
- Large permanent vacuole to speed up movement with osmosis,
- Many mitochondria
What makes a palisade cell specialised?
- Lots of chloroplasts to synthesise,
- Large permanent vacuole to keep rigid structure
What makes a xylem cell specialised?
- Carry water and minerals from root to leaves,
- Dead cells form long tubes,
- Lignin spirals support plant to withstand water pressure and strengthen the stem
What makes a phloem cell specialised?
- Transport food,
- Sieve plates - cell wall between cells break down,
- Internal cell structure is mainly lost,
- Companion cells keep phloem cells alive
What is diffusion?
-Diffusion is when particles move from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.
What factors affect diffusion?
- Concentration gradient,
- Temperature
- Large surface area
- Thin membrane
What is active transport?
-Active transport is when particles move from a lower concentration to a higher concentration.
What is osmosis?
-Movement of water through a partially permeable membrane
What is the magnification equation?
-Size of image/Size of real object
What is a isotonic cell in osmosis?
-Same concentration inside and outside of the cell
What is a hypotonic cell in osmosis?
-Concentration is lower outside, water moves into the cell
What is a hypertonic cell in osmosis?
-Concentration is higher outside, water move out of the cell
