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Biology - Mocks > B1 - Cell Biology > Flashcards

B1 - Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A
  • Holds the cell together
  • Separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment
  • Controls what enters/exits the cell
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2
Q

Examples of eukaryotes?

A
  • Animals

- Plants

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3
Q

Defining feature of eukaryotic cells?

A

Their genetic material is enclosed within a nucelus

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4
Q

Usual size of eukaryotic cells?

A

Between 10 and 100 micrometers

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5
Q

Example of prokaryote?

A
  • Bacteria
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6
Q

Defining feature of prokaryotes?

A

Their genetic material is not within the nucleus, it is a single loop of DNA in the nucleus

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7
Q

Size of prokaryotic cells?

A

Usually smaller than a micrometer

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8
Q

How many mm in a m?

A

1000

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9
Q

How many micrometers in mm?

A

1000

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10
Q

How many nanometers in a micrometer?

A

1000

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11
Q

Main subcellular structures in animal cells?

A
  • Nucleus
  • Cell membrane
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
  • Cytoplasm
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12
Q

Which organelles of an animal cell can be seen under a light microscope?

A
  • Nucleus
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
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13
Q

Which organelles of an animal cell can be seen under an electron microscope?

A
  • Nucleus
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes
  • Mitochondria
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14
Q

Function of the nucleus?

A
  • Contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell
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15
Q

Function of the cytoplasm?

A
  • Gel-like substance made of water and dissolved solutes
  • Supports internal cell structures
  • Site of many chemical reactions
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16
Q

Function of the ribosomes?

A
  • Found in the cytoplasm

- Site of protein synthesis

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17
Q

Function of the mitochondia?

A
  • Site of most of the reactions involved in aerobic respiration
  • Releases energy for cellular processes
  • Cells with higher rates of metabolism have more mitochondria
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18
Q

Additional organelles plants have?

A
  • Cellulose cell wall

- Permanent vacuole filled with cell sap

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19
Q

Plant organelles seen under a light microscope?

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Cell wall
  • Permanent vacuole
  • Cytoplasm
  • Chloroplast
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20
Q

Plant organelles seen under electron microscope?

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Cell wall
  • Permanent vacuole
  • Cytoplasm
  • Chloroplast
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
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21
Q

Function of the cell wall?

A
  • Made of cellulose

- Gives extra support, defines shape

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22
Q

Function of the chloroplasts?

A
  • Contains green chlorophyll pigment and the enzymes for photosynthesis
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23
Q

Function of the permanent vacuole?

A
  • Contains cell sap, a solution of sugars and salts dissolved in water
  • Used for storage of certain materials
  • Helps support the shape of the cell
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24
Q

What is a specialised cell?

A

A cell that has a particular structure and composition of subcellular structures in order to perform a specific function

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25
Q

What is the process called which cells specialise?

A

Differentiation

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26
Q

Function of the nerve cells?

A

Conduction of impulses

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27
Q

Adaptations of nerve cells?

A
  • Cell body where most of the cellular structures are located and most protein synthesis occurs
  • Extensions of the cytoplasm form dendrites to receive signals and axons which transmit signals to communicate
  • The axon is covered with a fatty sheath which speeds up nerve impulses
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28
Q

Function of muscle cells?

A

Contraction for movement

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29
Q

Adaptations of muscle cells?

A
  • Layers of protein filaments which can slide over each other to cause contraction
  • High density of mitochondria to give sufficient energy for contraction
  • Skeletal muscle cells fuse together to form multinucleated cells which contract together
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30
Q

Types of muscle cells?

A
  • Cardiac
  • Skeletal
  • Smooth
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31
Q

Function of sperm cells?

A

Reproduction

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32
Q

Adaptations of sperm cells?

A
  • Acrosome contains digestive enzymes to break down the outer layer of an egg cell
  • Many mitochondria to release energy for the tail
  • The tail rotates to propel the sperm cell forward
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33
Q

Function of root hair cells?

A

Absorption of water and mineral ions from soil

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34
Q

Adaptations of root hair cells?

A
  • Root hair increases surface area so rate of water uptake by osmosis is greater
  • Thinner walls so shorter diffusion distance for water
  • Permanent vacuole holds cell sap which is more concentrated than soil water, maintains a water gradient
  • Mitochondria for active transport of mineral ions
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35
Q

Function of xylem vessels?

A

Transport tissue for water and dissolved ions

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36
Q

Adaptations of xylem vessels?

A
  • No top and bottom walls to form continuous hollow tubes for water to flow through
  • No organelles or cytoplasm to allow free passage of water
  • Outer walls strengthened with lignin to support the plant
37
Q

Function of phloem vessels?

A

Transport of dissolved sugars and amino acids

38
Q

Adaptations of phloem vessels?

A
  • Cells are joined end to end and contain holes (sieve plates) forming tubes to allow sugars and amino acids to flow easily
  • Few subcellular structures to aid the flow of material
39
Q

When were the first light microscopes developed?

A

17th century

40
Q

Who developed microscopes?

A

Leeuwenhoek and Hooke

41
Q

How have microscopes increased?

A

Increasing magnification and resolution

42
Q

When were the first electron microscopes developed?

A

The first half of the 20th century

43
Q

How do electron microscopes work?

A

Use beams of electrons instead of light, the wavelength of the electron beam is smaller than visible light so they have higher resolution and magnification

44
Q

Magnification =

A

Drawing size / Actual size

45
Q

Types of stem cells?

A
  • Embryonic
  • Adult
  • Meristem
46
Q

Where are embryonic stem cells found?

A

On the inside layer of an embryo

47
Q

Where are adult stem cells found?

A
  • Bone marrow
  • Skin
  • Other organs such as liver and brain
  • Umbilical cord blood
48
Q

Where are meristem cells found?

A

Tips of roots and shoots

49
Q

What can stem cells be used to treat?

A
  • Type II Diabetes

- Paralysis

50
Q

What is the diffusion?

A

The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

51
Q

Substances that enter cells by diffusion?

A
  • Oxygen must diffuse into cells for aerobic respiration

- CO2 must diffuse into photosynthesising plant cells

52
Q

Substances that leave cells by diffusion?

A
  • Urea must be diffused from cells to be excreted by the kidneys
  • CO2 produced by aerobic respiration must diffuse out of cells
53
Q

Factors affecting diffusion?

A
  • Concentration gradient
  • Temperature
  • Diffusion pathway
54
Q

As the size of an organism increases…

A

…surface area to volume ration decreases

55
Q

Function of the small intestine?

A

Most absorption of digested food molecules into the bloodstream happens across the wall of the small intestine

56
Q

Adaption of the small intestine?

A
  • Epithelial cells increase SA
  • Only one layer of epithelial cells across each villus which decreases diffusion distance
  • Each villus has good blood supply to maintain a concentration gradient
57
Q

Function of the lung in the body?

A

Gas exchange between air in the alveoli and the blood

58
Q

Adaptations of the lung?

A
  • Millions of alveoli increase SA
  • The wall of each alveolus is one cell thick with good blood supply to maintain concentration gradient and short diffusion path
59
Q

Function of the gills in a fish?

A

Gas exchange between water flowing through the gills and the blood

60
Q

Adaptations of the gills?

A
  • Each gill is made up of smaller plates called filaments which are covered in lamellae to increase SA
  • Dense capillary network to give good blood supply to maintain a concentration gradient
61
Q

Function of the root hair cell?

A

To absorb the water and mineral ions from the soil and anchor the plant

62
Q

Adaptations of the root hair cells?

A
  • Root network is highly branched to increase SA

- Surface of the roots are covered in root hair cells to increase SA

63
Q

Role of the leaves?

A
  • Contain most of the plant’s photosynthetic cells

- Photosynthesis needs efficient gas exchange between air and photosynthetic cells

64
Q

Adaptations of the leaves?

A
  • Stomata have tiny openings to decrease diffusion distance for CO2 and O2
  • The lower layer of the leaf is made of spongy mesophyll cells which allow air to circulate inside the leaf
65
Q

Two ways that increase exchange of materials?

A
  • Large surface area

- Short diffusion path

66
Q

How have animals adapted for gas exchange?

A
  • Large network of blood vessels decrease distance and maintain concentration gradients
  • Gas exchange surfaces are well ventilated to maintain concentration gradients
67
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a partially permeable membrane

68
Q

What is a dilute solution?

A

A solution with high concentration of water molecules and low concentration of solute molecules

69
Q

What is a concentrated solution?

A

A solution with low concentration of water molecules and high concentration of solute molecules

70
Q

Percentage change =

A

(Final mass - Initial mass) / Initial mass x 100

71
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of substances from an area of high concentration to low concentration (against the gradient) that requires energy

72
Q

Active transport in plants?

A
  • Root hair cells move minerals from lower concentration in the soil to higher concentration in the cytoplasm
73
Q

Active transport in animals?

A
  • Food molecules such as glucose may be needed to be done with active transport if there is a high concentration of sugar in the blood
74
Q

Examples of substances transported by diffusion?

A

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, amino acids, urea

75
Q

Examples of substances transported by osmosis?

A

Water

76
Q

Examples of substances transported by active transport?

A

Glucose, mineral ions such as sodium, potassium

77
Q

Places where diffusion occurs?

A

Lungs, leaves, small intestine

78
Q

Places where active transport occurs?

A

Small intestine, roots

79
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

The process where a cell becomes specialised to its specific function

80
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

The difference in concentration between two areas

81
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

A type of cell found in plants and animals that contains a nucleus

82
Q

What is magnification?

A

How much bigger an image appears compared to the original object

83
Q

What are meristematic cells?

A

A type of stem cell that can differentiate into any type of plant cell

84
Q

What is mitosis?

A

A type of cell division which produces two genetically identical daughter cells from one parent cell

85
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

Loops of DNA found in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells

86
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

An undifferentiated cell

87
Q

What is surface area?

A

The total area of all parts that are in contact with it’s environment

88
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

A series of stages preparing the cell for division

Biology - Mocks (4 decks)

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