B1- Cell Biology Flashcards
What kind of cell is a plant and animal cell
Eukaryotic
What is the role of the nucleus
Contains genetic material
What is the role of the cytoplasm
Where most chemical reactions take place
What is the role of the cells membrane
Controls what goes in and out of the the cell
What is the role of mitochondria
Aerobic respiration
What is the role of ribosome
Protein synthesis
What is the role of the cell wall and what is it made out of
Supports and strengthens cell made of cellulose
What is the role of the vacuole
Contains cell sap
What’s is the role of a chloroplast
Where photosynthesis occurs
What does a bacterium contain
Cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, plasmids
What is the role of plasmids
Small ring of DNA
Why don’t bacterium contain chloroplast or mitochondria
They are too big to fit inside
What are the two types of microscope
Electron and light
What is the magnification equation
Magnification=image size/real size
Evaluate the use of light microscopes against electron microscopes
Electron microscopes have a higher magnifications and resolution but they are more expensive and hard to transport also u have to be trained to use one unlike light microscope
How do u prepare a slide
- add a drop of water
- Add specimen stained with iodine
- Place a cover slip on top
Why do u stain it
To highlight objects that are colourless
What should a diagram of ur observation look like
- Takes up at least half the space
- Drawn with clear unbroken lines
- Magnification
- Title
- Labelled
Why do cells differentiate
To become specialised
What is an undifferentiated cell called
Stem cell
How is a sperm specialised
Long tail
Streamlined head
Lot of mitochondria
Enzymes in its head to digest through eggs cell membrane
How is a nerve cell specialised
Long axon
Have branched connections
Form a network throughout the body
How is a muscle specialised
Long
Lots of mitochondria
How is a root hair specialised
Large surface area
What do chromosomes contain
Genetic information
What are chromosome
Coiled up lengths of DNA
What is mitosis
Cell division for growth and repair
What r they steps of mitosis
- Duplicates it’s DNA
- Chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell
- Membranes form around each of the sets of chromosomes
- Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide
What is produced from mitosis
Two identical daughter cells
What’s binary fission
Prokaryotic cells replicating
What r the steps of binary fission
- DNA and plasmids replicate
- DNA strands move to opposite ends of the cell
- Cytoplasm divides and new Cell walls form
- Two daughter cells produced
What are the correct conditions for bacteria to divide
Warm
Lots of nutrients
How do u make an agar plate
- Pour hot agar jelly in a Petri dish
- Transfer microorganisms but using a inoculating loop
- Then seal
Why are bacteria not kept above 25 degrees in schools
So no harmful pathogens can be grown
How do u prevent contamination
Pass inoculating loop through flame
Lightly tape lid on Petri dish
Store upside down so no condensation falls on lid
Where r stem cells found
Human embryos and bone marrow
What is good about embryonic stem cells
They ca turn into any type of cell
What is bad about adult stem cells
Can only turn into specific cells
What r the risks of stem cell growth
Could get contaminated with a virus which could be passed on to the patient
What is therapeutic cloning
Where an embryo could be made to have the same genetic material as the Patient so stem cells produced from it wouldnt be rejected
Why r some people against it
Could be killing potential life
Where r stem called found in plants
Meristems
What can plant stem cells be used for
Producing clones of plants
What is diffusion
The net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration passively down the concentration gradient
The bigger the concentration gradient _______
The faster the rate of diffusion
A higher temp will give a ____ diffusion rate as particles have more _____ so move faster
Faster
Energy
_______ molecules pass through membranes
Small
What’s osmosis
Net movement of molecules from a high concentration to low concentration through a partially permeable membrane in water
