B1- CELL BIOLOGY

Question 1

Nucleus

Answer 1

Controls the cell. Contains DNA as chromosomes usually in pairs.

Question 2

Cytoplasm

Answer 2

Chemical reactions occur here.

Question 3

Cell membrane

Answer 3

Guardian of the cell- controls what enters and leaves.

Question 4

Ribosomes

Answer 4

Protein synthesis (making enzymes, hormones, etc)

Question 5

Mitochondria

Answer 5

Respiration (energy release from glucose)

Question 6

Chloroplasts

Answer 6

Photosynthesis (Glucose made from light)

Question 7

Permanent Vacuole

Answer 7

Stores fluid and keeps the cell turgid.

Question 8

Cell membrane

Answer 8

Strengthens cell, made of cellulose

Question 9

What are only found in plant cells?

Answer 9

Chloroplasts, Vacuole and cell wall

Question 10

What is a eukaryotic cell

Answer 10

A plant or animal cell that has a cell membrane, cytoplasm and its genetic material enclosed in a nucleus.

Question 11

What is a prokaryotic cell

Answer 11

A cell in which the genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus. Its DNA is found as a loop in the cell and there may be one or more plasmids.

Question 12

What is a plasmid

Answer 12

A small ring of DNA

Question 13

What type of cell is a bacterial cell

Answer 13

Prokaryotic cell

Question 14

How does the size of a prokaryotic cell compare to a eukaryotic cell

Answer 14

much smaller

Question 15

What is the function of the nucleus

Answer 15

controls the cell

Question 16

What are the common parts of an animal cell

Answer 16

Nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria and ribosomes.

Question 17

What are the common parts of the plant cell

Answer 17

Nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, chloroplasts, cell wall and vacuole.

Question 18

What is the function of a sperm cell

Answer 18

Carry father’s genetic information and fertilise the egg.

Question 19

How is a sperm cell adapted

Answer 19

Streamlined shape, nucleus contains 1 set of chromosomes, lots of mitochondria for respiration, contains digestive enzymes.

Question 20

What is the function of a sperm cell

Answer 20

Transmit electrical impulses around the body.

Question 21

How is a nerve cell adapted

Answer 21

Long, and lots of dendrites to make connections with lots of other cells

Question 22

What is the function of a muscle cell

Answer 22

Contract and relax to bring about movement

Question 23

How is a muscle adapted

Answer 23

lots of mitochondria for respiration

Question 24

What is the function of the root hair cells

Answer 24

Absorb mineral ions and water from soil

Question 25

How is a root hair cell adapted

Answer 25

Large surface area and lots of mitochondria for respiration.

Question 26

What is the function of the xylem

Answer 26

Transport water around the plant

Question 27

How are the xylem adapted for their function

Answer 27

Few cell structures and so they are dead for more space and supported by lignin.

Question 28

What are the function of phloem cells

Answer 28

Transport sugars around the plant

Question 29

How are phloem cells adapted for their function

Answer 29

Few cell structures and supported by companion cells.

Question 30

What have been the benefits of electron microscopes

Answer 30

Can be used to examine a cell in much finer detail and has led to a better understanding of sub cellular structures.

Question 31

What are the advantages of electron microscopes

Answer 31

Higher magnification and higher resolution

Question 32

What is the formula for magnification

Answer 32

Magnification = size of image / size of real object.

Question 33

How is the cell wall strengthened

Answer 33

Cellulose

Question 34

Function of the chloroplasts

Answer 34

Site for photosynthesis

Question 35

Diffusion

Answer 35

- The spreading out of particles from an area of high to low concentration. Substances that move this way are oxygen, carbon dioxide and urea.

Question 36

What affects diffusion

Answer 36

High concentrations, high temperature and a large surface area make this process faster. Small organisms tend to have large surface area to volume ratios.

Question 37

Osmosis

Answer 37

Water moves from dilute (lots of water) through a semi-permeable membrane

Question 38

Active Transport

Answer 38

Uses energy to move from low to high concentration. Used for sugar and minerals

Question 39

Define magnification

Answer 39

How many times bigger an object is

Question 40

Define resolution

Answer 40

Ability to see two points clearly

Question 41

PHLOEM

Answer 41

Conveyor belts of cells that transport sugars, foods, and sap up and down the plant, bidirectional

Question 42

XYLEM

Answer 42

Long, continuous tubes that water rises up, unidirectional