B1 - Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are cells?

A

Building blocks of all living organisms

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2
Q

What are the two types of cells and give examples.

A
  • Eukaryotes (animal and plant cells)
  • Prokaryotes (bacterial cells)
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3
Q

What are some differences between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?

A
  • Prokaryotic cells are smaller than the eukaryotic cells.
  • Prokaryotic cells do not have their genetic material enclosed in a nucleus like eukaryotic cells.
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4
Q

What are some features of a eukaryotic cell?

A

-Cell membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus

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5
Q

What are some features of a prokaryotic cell?

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell wall
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6
Q

What organelles do both animal and plant cells contain?

A
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
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7
Q

What is the function of a nucleus?

A

Contains the genetic material and controls the cell.

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8
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm?

A

Liquid substance in which chemical reactions occur and contains enzymes.

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9
Q

What is the function of a cell membrane?

A

Controls what enters and exits a cell.

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10
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

The site of aerobic respiration, providing energy for the cell.

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11
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Where protein synthesis occurs.

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12
Q

What organelles do plant cells have that animal cells don’t?

A
  • Permanent vacuole
  • Cell wall
  • Chloroplasts
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13
Q

What is the function of a permanent vacuole?

A

Contains cell sap and improves the cell’s rigidity.

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14
Q

What is the function of a cell wall?

A

Made from cellulose and provides strength to the cell.

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15
Q

What is the function of a chloroplast?

A
  • Where photosynthesis takes place, providing food for the plant.
  • Contains chlorophyll (makes the cell green) which harvests the light needed for photosynthesis.
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16
Q

What organelles do bacterial cells contain?

A
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
  • Cell wall
  • Single circular strand of DNA
  • Plasmids
17
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

Small rings of DNA

18
Q

What does the prefix ‘centi’ mean?

A

Multiply unit by 0.01

19
Q

What does the prefix ‘milli’ mean?

A

Multiply unit by 0.001

20
Q

What does the prefix ‘micro’ mean?

A

Multiply unit by 0.000,001

21
Q

What does the prefix ‘nano’ mean?

A

Multiply unit by 0.000,000,001

22
Q

What is cell specialisation?

A

A process that involves the cell gaining new sub-cellular structures in order to be suited for its role.

23
Q

How are sperm cells specialised?

A

Function: To fertilize an egg cell.
- Long tail to help it swim to the egg.
- Lots of mitochondria to release energy to allow the sperm to move.

24
Q

How are nerve cells specialised?

A

Function: To carry nerve impulses around the body.
- Branching dendrites at each end to connect to other nerves or muscles.

25
Q

How are muscle cells specialised?

A

Function: To help the body to move.
- Long fibers allow it to carry electrical impulses up and down the body.
- Bands of protein that change shape to contract and relax the muscle.
- Lots of mitochondria to release energy for muscle contraction.

26
Q

How are root hair cells specialised?

A

Function: To absorb water and minerals from the soil.
- Long root hair to give it a large surface area for absorption of water and minerals into the cell.
- No chloroplasts due to being underground.

27
Q

How are palisade cells specialised?

A

Function: To carry out photosynthesis to make glucose for the plant.
- Tall, thin shape to give it a large surface area to maximize the absorption of light.
- Lots of chloroplasts to absorb light energy for photosynthesis.

28
Q

How are xylem cells specialised?

A

Function: Transports water and solutes from the roots to the leaves.
- Spirals of liginin in the cells make them stronger.
- Start of alive then the liginin grows and they die, leaving the long hollow tubes with liginin behind.

29
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

The process by which a cell changes from a less specialized type to a more specialized type.

30
Q
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31
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33
Q
A