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Biology > B1- Cell Biology > Flashcards

B1- Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 subcellular structures found in plant/ animal cells?

A

Mitochondria
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

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2
Q

What are the 3 subcellular structures only found in plant cells?

A

Chloroplasts
Vacuole
Cell wall (also present in algae cells)

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3
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell.

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4
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Where chemical reactions happen- contains enzymes that help speed up rate of reaction.`

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5
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Holds cell together and controls what goes in and out of the cell.

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6
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Where most of aerobic respiration takes place- Providing energy to the cell.

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7
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

Where protein synthesis occurs- Found on endoplasmic reticulum.

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8
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Provides strength and shape to the cell made of cellulose

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9
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole?

A

Contains cell sap, improving cells rigidity- found in cytoplasm.

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10
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

Where photosynthesis occurs- contains green substance called chlorophyl which absorbs light needed for photosynthesis

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11
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A single celled organism- small and simple- DNA not enclosed in nucleus

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12
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

A cell with membrane bound organelles- complex and bigger than prokaryotic- DNA enclosed in the nucleus

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13
Q

What subcellular structures are found in a bacterial cell

A

Cell membrane
Cell wall (made up of peptidoglycan)
Cytoplasm
Singular strand of DNA
Plasmids

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14
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

Small ring of DNA

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15
Q

How do you calculate magnification

A

Image size/
Real size

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16
Q

Describe how to prepare a microscope slide for onion tissue

A
  • Peel of epidermal layer using forceps
  • Place sample on drop of water on microscope slide
  • Add a few iodine drops to solution
  • Lower cover slip onto sample using mounting needle
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17
Q

Why is a thin sample used?

A

To see internal structure of the cell as light can pass through

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18
Q

Why is iodine added?

A

Iodine solution adds contrast- reacts with starch to become blue-black allowing internal structures to be seen.

19
Q

Why is a mounting needle used to lower cover slip?

A

To ensure no air bulled get trapped

20
Q

How could you measure length of cell viewed under microscope?

A

Measure using eyepiece graticule and calibrate with stage micrometre.

21
Q

What safety precautions should be considered when carrying out microscopy practical?

A

Wear goggles when handling iodine solution.

22
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The process by which a cell becomes specialised- allowing them to carry out different functions.

23
Q

How is the sperm cell specialised?

A

Specialised for reproduction
-long tail/ streamlined head to help it swim to the egg
- Lots of mitochondria to provide energy
-Carries enzymes in its head to help it penetrate eggs cell membrane

24
Q

How is the nerve cell specialised?

A

Specialised for rapid signalling
-Axon is long, enabling impulses to be carried along long distances
- Dendrites to branch connections with other nerve cells
-Nerve endings have many mitochondria to supply energy to make neurotransmitters

25
Q

How is the muscle cell specialised?

A

Specialised for contraction
- Proteins (myosin/ actin) slide over each other, causing muscle to contract
- Lots of mitochondria, providing energy from respiration for contraction
- store glycogen used in respiration

26
Q

How is the root hair cell specialised?

A

Specialised for absorbing water and minerals
- Large surface area for more absorption
-Large permanent vacuole affecting speed of water movement from soil to cell
-Mitochondria to provide energy for active transport

27
Q

How are xylem cells specialised?

A

Specialised for transporting substances
-Hollow (no end walls( with no subcellular structures to allow water/ nutrients to pass through
- thick walls made of lignin to support plant

28
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

An undifferentiated cell which has the ability to become one of many different types of cell or to produce more stem cells

29
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

When a sperm cell joins with an ovum (egg cell)- their genetic material combines.

30
Q

Where can stem cells be found?

A

Bone marrow

31
Q

How can stem cells in bone marrow help cure disease?

A

They can be injected into others from a donor to cure diseases linked to a lack of bone marrow stem cells such as leukaemia. They can also replace faulty cells such as insulin-making cells for diabetics and nerve cells for paralysed.

32
Q

Why may some people be against stem cell research

A
  • Potential human life
    -Banned in some countries
    -religious beliefs
33
Q

Where are stem cells found in plants?

A

Meristem

34
Q

Why are stem cells from plants useful?

A

Stem cells from meristems can be used to produce clones of
plants quickly/economically.
-Rare species can be cloned to protect from extinction.
-Crop plants with special features E.g. disease resistance can be
cloned to produce large numbers of identical plants for farmers.

35
Q

How large is a centimetre (cm)? (In metres)

A

1*10 (-2)

36
Q

How large is a millimetre(mm)?
(In metres)

A

1*10 (-3)

37
Q

How large a micrometre(μm)?
(in metres)

A

1*10( -6)

38
Q

How large is a nanometre(nm)?
(in metres)

A

1*10 (-9)

39
Q

Most animal cells are specialised- what does that mean?

A

They have adapted to carry out a specific function

39
Q

How large is an order on magnitude?

A

10X

40
Q

How are phloem cells specialised?

A

Specialised to transport substances
- sieve plates and vessel cells (no nucleus) to allow dissolved sugars to pass through interior.

41
Q
A
42
Q
A

Biology (3 decks)

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