B1 - Cell Biology Flashcards
CELLS CAN BE EITHER..
PROKARYOTES OR EUKARYOTES
ANIMAL + PLANT CELLS ARE
EUKARYOTES
BACTERIAL CELLS ARE
PROKARYOTES
ANIMAL CELL
NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM CELL MEMBRANE MITOCHONDRIA RIBOSOMES
PLANT CELLS
NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM CHLOROPLAST CELL MEMBRANE CELL WALL VACUOLE MITOCHONDRIA
BACTERIAL CELLS
NO NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM CELL MEMBRANE CELL WALL PLASMIDS (SMALL RINGS OF DNA) NO CHLOROPLAST OR MITOCHONDRIA
FORMULA FOR MAGNIFICATION
. IMAGE SIZE
MAGNIFICATION = ________
REAL SIZE
PROCESS OF DIFFERENTIATION
WHEN A CELL CHANGES TO BECOME SPECIALISED FOR ITS JOB
UNDIFFERENTIATED CELLS ARE CALLED
STEM CELLS
SPERM CELLS ARE SPECIALISED FOR
REPRODUCTION
NERVE CELLS ARE SPECIALISED FOR
RAPID SIGNALLING
MUSCLE CELLS ARE SPECIALISED FOR
CONTRACTION
ROOT HAIR CELLS ARE SPECIALISED FOR
ABSORBING WATER AND MINERALS
PHLOEM AND XYLEM CELLS ARE SPECIALISED FOR
TRANSPORTING SUBSTANCES
CHROMOSOMES CONTAIN..
GENETIC INFORMATION
HOW MANY CHROMOSOMES DOES THE HUMAN BODY HAVE
23 PAIRS OF CHROMOSOMES
STAGES OF THE CELL CYCLE
- DNA SPREAD OUT INTO LONG STRINGS
- CELL GROWS AND INCREASES AMOUNT OF SUB-CELLULAR STRUCTURES
- DNA DUPLICATES
- CELL FIBRES PULL APART CHROMOSOMES TO OPPOSITE ENDS
- MEMBRANES FORM AROUND CHROMOSOMES, THE NUCLEUS HAS DIVIDED
- CYTOPLASM AND CELL MEMBRANE DIVIDE, TWO NEW DAUGHTER CELLS ARE CREATED
THEIR DNA IS IDENTICAL TO THE PARENT CELL
WHERE ARE STEM CELLS FOUND
IN EARLY HUMAN EMBRYOS AND ADULT BONE MARROW
WHAT ARE STEM CELLS USED FOR
USED TO CURE DISEASES AND REPLACE FAULTY CELLS
RISKS TO STEM CELLS
STEM CELLS GROWN IN A LAB MAY BECOME CONTAMINATED, MAKING THE PATIENT MORE SICK
DIFFUSION DEFINITION
THE SPREADING OUT OF PARTICLES FROM AN AREA OF HIGHER CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOWER CONCENTRATION
DIFFUSION FACTORS
- > THE BIGGER THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT, THE FASTER THE DIFFUSION RATE
- > THE HIGHER THE TEMPERATURE, THE FASTER THE DIFFUSION RATE
OSMOSIS DEFINITION
THE MOVEMENT OF WATER MOLECULES ACROSS A PARTIALLY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE FROM A REGION OF HIGHER WATER CONCENTRATION TO A REGION OF LOWER WATER CONCENTRATION
OSMOSIS FACTORS
- > THE WATER MOLECULES PASS BOTH WAYS
- > MOVE ABOUT RANDOMLY ALL THE TIME
- > MORE WATER MOLECULES ON ONE SIDE, MEANS A STEADY NET FLOW
- > THE FEWER WATER MOLECULES HAVE A STRONGER SUGAR SOLUTION
- > THE STRONGER SUGAR SOLUTION BECOMES MORE DILUTE
ACTIVE TRANSPORT DEFINITION
THE MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES FROM A MORE DILUTE SOLUTION TO A MORE CONCENTRATED SOLUTION THAT GOES AGAINST THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT WITH THE USE OF ENERGY FROM RESPIRATION
ROOT HAIR CELLS IN ACTIVE TRANSPORT
- > ROOT HAIR CELLS ABSORB WATER AND MINERALS
- > COVERED IN HAIRS TO INCREASE SURFACE AREA
- > CONCENTRATION OF MINERALS IS HIGHER IN THE ROOT HAIR CELL THAN IN THE SOIL AROUND THEM
- > ACTIVE TRANSPORT ALSO HAPPENS IN HUMANS
WHAT IS GAS EXCHANGE
TO TRANSFER OXYGEN TO THE BLOOD AND REMOVE WASTE CARBON DIOXIDE FROM IT
GAS EXCHANGE FACTORS
- > THE LUNGS CONTAIN MILLIONS OF AIR SACS CALLED ALVEOLI
- > ALVEOLI ARE SPECIALISED TO MAXIMISE DIFFUSION OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE
- > VILLI PROVIDE A BIG SURFACE AREA
ALVEOLI FACTORS
- > ENORMOUS SURFACE AREA
- > MOIST LINING FOR DISSOLVING GASES
- > VERY THIN WALLS
- > GOOD BLOOD SUPPLY
VILLI FACTORS
- > INCREASE SURFACE AREA SO DIGESTED FOOD IS ABSORBED QUICKLY
- > ONE CELL THICK
- > GOOD BLOOD SUPPLY TO ASSIST QUICK ABSORPTION
