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Biology - Paper 1 > B1 - Cell Biology > Flashcards

B1 - Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

CELLS CAN BE EITHER..

A

PROKARYOTES OR EUKARYOTES

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2
Q

ANIMAL + PLANT CELLS ARE

A

EUKARYOTES

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3
Q

BACTERIAL CELLS ARE

A

PROKARYOTES

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4
Q

ANIMAL CELL

A 
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
CELL MEMBRANE
MITOCHONDRIA
RIBOSOMES
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5
Q

PLANT CELLS

A 
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
CHLOROPLAST
CELL MEMBRANE
CELL WALL
VACUOLE
MITOCHONDRIA
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6
Q

BACTERIAL CELLS

A 
NO NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
CELL MEMBRANE
CELL WALL
PLASMIDS (SMALL RINGS OF DNA)
NO CHLOROPLAST OR MITOCHONDRIA
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7
Q

FORMULA FOR MAGNIFICATION

A

. IMAGE SIZE
MAGNIFICATION = ________
REAL SIZE

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8
Q

PROCESS OF DIFFERENTIATION

A

WHEN A CELL CHANGES TO BECOME SPECIALISED FOR ITS JOB

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9
Q

UNDIFFERENTIATED CELLS ARE CALLED

A

STEM CELLS

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10
Q

SPERM CELLS ARE SPECIALISED FOR

A

REPRODUCTION

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11
Q

NERVE CELLS ARE SPECIALISED FOR

A

RAPID SIGNALLING

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12
Q

MUSCLE CELLS ARE SPECIALISED FOR

A

CONTRACTION

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13
Q

ROOT HAIR CELLS ARE SPECIALISED FOR

A

ABSORBING WATER AND MINERALS

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14
Q

PHLOEM AND XYLEM CELLS ARE SPECIALISED FOR

A

TRANSPORTING SUBSTANCES

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15
Q

CHROMOSOMES CONTAIN..

A

GENETIC INFORMATION

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16
Q

HOW MANY CHROMOSOMES DOES THE HUMAN BODY HAVE

A

23 PAIRS OF CHROMOSOMES

17
Q

STAGES OF THE CELL CYCLE

A
  1. DNA SPREAD OUT INTO LONG STRINGS
  2. CELL GROWS AND INCREASES AMOUNT OF SUB-CELLULAR STRUCTURES
  3. DNA DUPLICATES
  4. CELL FIBRES PULL APART CHROMOSOMES TO OPPOSITE ENDS
  5. MEMBRANES FORM AROUND CHROMOSOMES, THE NUCLEUS HAS DIVIDED
  6. CYTOPLASM AND CELL MEMBRANE DIVIDE, TWO NEW DAUGHTER CELLS ARE CREATED
    THEIR DNA IS IDENTICAL TO THE PARENT CELL
18
Q

WHERE ARE STEM CELLS FOUND

A

IN EARLY HUMAN EMBRYOS AND ADULT BONE MARROW

19
Q

WHAT ARE STEM CELLS USED FOR

A

USED TO CURE DISEASES AND REPLACE FAULTY CELLS

20
Q

RISKS TO STEM CELLS

A

STEM CELLS GROWN IN A LAB MAY BECOME CONTAMINATED, MAKING THE PATIENT MORE SICK

21
Q

DIFFUSION DEFINITION

A

THE SPREADING OUT OF PARTICLES FROM AN AREA OF HIGHER CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOWER CONCENTRATION

22
Q

DIFFUSION FACTORS

A
  • > THE BIGGER THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT, THE FASTER THE DIFFUSION RATE
  • > THE HIGHER THE TEMPERATURE, THE FASTER THE DIFFUSION RATE
23
Q

OSMOSIS DEFINITION

A

THE MOVEMENT OF WATER MOLECULES ACROSS A PARTIALLY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE FROM A REGION OF HIGHER WATER CONCENTRATION TO A REGION OF LOWER WATER CONCENTRATION

24
Q

OSMOSIS FACTORS

A
  • > THE WATER MOLECULES PASS BOTH WAYS
  • > MOVE ABOUT RANDOMLY ALL THE TIME
  • > MORE WATER MOLECULES ON ONE SIDE, MEANS A STEADY NET FLOW
  • > THE FEWER WATER MOLECULES HAVE A STRONGER SUGAR SOLUTION
  • > THE STRONGER SUGAR SOLUTION BECOMES MORE DILUTE
25
Q

ACTIVE TRANSPORT DEFINITION

A

THE MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES FROM A MORE DILUTE SOLUTION TO A MORE CONCENTRATED SOLUTION THAT GOES AGAINST THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT WITH THE USE OF ENERGY FROM RESPIRATION

26
Q

ROOT HAIR CELLS IN ACTIVE TRANSPORT

A
  • > ROOT HAIR CELLS ABSORB WATER AND MINERALS
  • > COVERED IN HAIRS TO INCREASE SURFACE AREA
  • > CONCENTRATION OF MINERALS IS HIGHER IN THE ROOT HAIR CELL THAN IN THE SOIL AROUND THEM
  • > ACTIVE TRANSPORT ALSO HAPPENS IN HUMANS
27
Q

WHAT IS GAS EXCHANGE

A

TO TRANSFER OXYGEN TO THE BLOOD AND REMOVE WASTE CARBON DIOXIDE FROM IT

28
Q

GAS EXCHANGE FACTORS

A
  • > THE LUNGS CONTAIN MILLIONS OF AIR SACS CALLED ALVEOLI
  • > ALVEOLI ARE SPECIALISED TO MAXIMISE DIFFUSION OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE
  • > VILLI PROVIDE A BIG SURFACE AREA
29
Q

ALVEOLI FACTORS

A
  • > ENORMOUS SURFACE AREA
  • > MOIST LINING FOR DISSOLVING GASES
  • > VERY THIN WALLS
  • > GOOD BLOOD SUPPLY
30
Q

VILLI FACTORS

A
  • > INCREASE SURFACE AREA SO DIGESTED FOOD IS ABSORBED QUICKLY
  • > ONE CELL THICK
  • > GOOD BLOOD SUPPLY TO ASSIST QUICK ABSORPTION

Biology - Paper 1 (2 decks)

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